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The Disappearing Y Chromosome – “I Told You So!” (PDF, 266 KB) Human Reproduction, 1997. It is better for a couple to see the doctor together. These include: Infrequent menstrual periods: When a woman has regular menstrual periods, defined as regular cycles occurring every 21 to 35 days, this almost always indicates that she ovulates regularly.

As the major causes of infertility are sperm abnormalities, ovulation dysfunction, and fallopian tube obstruction, the preliminary adviced investigations for the infertile couple should be focused on semen analysis (to be compared with the WHO reference values [27]), detection of ovarian function by hormonal assay (early follicular FSH and LH levels, and mid-luteal progesterone), and evaluation of tubal patency by hysterosalpingography (HSG) [17-32], (Appendix 3). Celiac disease A digestive disorder caused by sensitivity to gluten, celiac disease can cause male infertility. Gas tends to rise, and when a pocket of CO2 rises in the abdomen, it pushes against the diaphragm (the muscle that separates the abdominal from the thoracic cavities and facilitates breathing), and can exert pressure on the phrenic nerve. Additionally, the quality of her eggs also decreases increases the chance of chromosomal abnormalities.

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Partners may become more anxious to conceive, increasing sexual dysfunction.[17] Marital discord often develops, especially when they are under pressure to make medical decisions. Vitrification of oocytes from endangered Mexican gray wolves (Canis lupus baileyi). (PDF, 319 KB) Theriogenology, 2010.

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Frequency of intercourse The couple may be advised to have sexual intercourse more often around the time of ovulation. Affected individuals displayed more severe forms of infertility such as azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia.[27] Other causes[edit] Factors that can cause male as well as female infertility are: DNA damage DNA damage reduces fertility in female ovocytes, as caused by smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as radiation or chemotherapy)[29] or accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine[30] DNA damage reduces fertility in male sperm, as caused by oxidative DNA damage,[31] smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as drugs or chemotherapy)[32] or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen species, fever or high testicular temperature.[33] The damaged DNA related to infertility manifests itself by the increased susceptibility to denaturation inducible by heat or acid [34] or by the presence of double-strand breaks that can be detected by the TUNEL assay.[35] General factors Diabetes mellitus,[36][37] thyroid disorders,[38] undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease,[39][40][41][42] adrenal disease[43] Hypothalamic-pituitary factors Hyperprolactinemia Hypopituitarism The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is associated with an increased risk of unexplained subfertility with an odds ratio of 1.

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Gracia CR, Sammel MD, Coutifaris C, Guzick DS, Barnhart KT. Microscopic Vasovasostomy and Spermatogenesis. (PDF, 1 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1977. Treatment[edit] Treatment depends on the cause of infertility, but may include counselling, fertility treatments, which include in vitro fertilization. As in the case of sterility, the process will get under way right away in those cases where there is a background of reproduction issues. Amenorrhea (absence of menstruation) occurs in about 20% of women with ovulatory dysfunction. In some cases, the reproductive urologist can improve semen function by recommending certain lifestyle changes, by hormonal treatments, or by surgery. Because cortisol is not secreted, a lack of feedback inhibition on the pituitary gland occurs, leading to adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) hypersecretion. This can help a man who cannot ejaculate normally, for example, because of a spinal cord injury. Renal Transplantation Between Adults and Children. (PDF, 1 MB) Journal of the American Medical Association, 1974. These numbers are comparable to those of other industrialized nations. CC is a nonsteroidal estrogen capable of interacting with estrogen receptor–binding proteins in a manner similar to estrogen but in a more prolonged way. [159, 160] Therefore, CC behaves similar to an antiestrogen.