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Contents Types[edit] Cholecystectomy as seen through a laparoscope There are two types of laparoscope:[2] a telescopic rod lens system, usually connected to a video camera (single chip or three chip) a digital laparoscope where a miniature digital video camera is placed at the end of the laparoscope, eliminating the rod lens system The mechanism mentioned in the second type is mainly used to improve the image quality of flexible endoscopes, replacing traditional fiberscopes. Hysterosalpingogram (HSG) – This test is essential for evaluating fallopian tubal patency, uterine filling defects such as fibroids and polyps, and scarring of the uterine cavity (Asherman syndrome). The sperm moves up the cervix, towards the uterus, and into the fallopian tubes to reach and fertilize the egg. With the fast progression in reproductive medicine and the experiences gained through infertility management, a wider range of treatment options have become available to infertile couples [17-19,21-26,31,36], (Appendix 4). The Use of Epididymal Sperm in Assisted Reproduction. (PDF, 8 MB) Chapter from textbook, Frontiers in Endocrinology: Perspectives on Assisted Reproduction, 1994.

They are then processed and introduced to eggs by different methods. Medical management: - Men with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism should be offered gonadotrophin drugs. - Men with idiopathic semen abnormalities should not be offered anti-oestrogens, gonadotrophins, androgens, bromocriptine or kinin-enhancing drugs. They can interfere with implantation or block the fallopian tube, preventing sperm from fertilizing the egg. IVF in action Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI): A single sperm is injected into an egg to achieve fertilization during an IVF procedure.

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You have never had a period, or periods suddenly stop. If a woman needs an HCG injection to activate ovulation and ultrasound scans show that too many follicles have developed, it is possible to withhold the HCG injection. In patients with obstructive azoospermia and normal gonadotropin levels, sperm can be obtained through microsurgical epididymal sperm aspiration or testicular biopsy. [213] Fertilization of the oocytes is performed using IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Prolactin stimulates milk production during breastfeeding. Many other surgeons feel that since they will have to make a larger incision for specimen removal anyway, they might as well use this incision to have their hand in the operative field during the procedure to aid as a retractor, dissector, and to be able to feel differing tissue densities (palpate), as they would in open surgery.

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This technique involves an injection of a single healthy sperm directly injected into mature egg. Endometriosis may be treated through laparoscopic surgery.

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Often, varicoceles or past infections such as mumps orchitis are the cause of sterility. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is self-limited, and the symptoms subside within 2-6 weeks. [198] Patients with mild and moderate ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome are treated at home with bedrest and strict control of fluid intake and output. Treatment[edit] Treatment depends on the cause of infertility, but may include counselling, fertility treatments, which include in vitro fertilization. For example, polycystic ovarian syndrome is when the eggs only partially developed within the ovary and there is an excess of male hormones. CO2 is used because it is common to the human body and can be absorbed by tissue and removed by the respiratory system. WHO categorizes ovulatory disorders into three groups: group I is caused by hypothalamic pituitary failure (10%), group II results from dysfunction of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis (85%), and group III is caused by ovarian failure (5%). Ovulatory periods are often accompanied by midcycle symptoms such as mittelschmerz or premenstrual symptoms. The rising number of obese individuals may be due in part to an energy-rich diet as well as insufficient physical exercise.  In addition to other potential health risks, obesity can have a significant impact on male and female fertility. Women with anovulation may be treated in the primary care setting with clomiphene to induce ovulation.