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A variety of disorders ranging from hormonal disturbances to physical problems, to psychological problems can cause male infertility.  Although many treatment options are now available, in many cases treatment will not work.  In many instances, male infertility is caused by testicular damage resulting in an inability of the testicle to produce sperm.  Once damaged, the testicle will not usually regain its sperm-making capabilities; this aspect of male infertility is analogous to menopause (though not natural like menopause) for women and cannot usually be treated.  Despite medicine�s limited ability to treat male infertility, many successful treatment options are available for its many causes.  Besides testicular damage, the main causes of male infertility are low sperm production and poor sperm quality.   The Causes of Male Infertility Male infertility has many causes--from hormonal imbalances, to physical problems, to psychological and/or behavioral problems.  Moreover, fertility reflects a man�s �overall� health.  Men who live a healthy lifestyle are more likely to produce healthy sperm.  The following list highlights some lifestyle choices that negatively impact male fertility--it is not all-inclusive: · Smoking--significantly decreases both sperm count and sperm cell motility. · Prolonged use of marijuana and other recreational drugs. · Chronic alcohol abuse. · Anabolic steroid use--causes testicular shrinkage and infertility. · Overly intense exercise--produces high levels of adrenal steroid hormones which cause a    testosterone deficiency resulting in infertility. · Inadequate vitamin C and Zinc in the diet. · Tight underwear--increases scrotal temperature which results in decreased sperm production. · Exposure to environmental hazards and toxins such as pesticides, lead, paint, radiation, radioactive   substances, mercury,  benzene, boron, and heavy metals · Malnutrition and anemia. · Excessive stress! Primary vs. secondary infertility[edit] Primary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least 12 months, during which they have not used any contraceptives.[14] The World Health Organisation also adds that 'women whose pregnancy spontaneously miscarries, or whose pregnancy results in a still born child, without ever having had a live birth would present with primarily infertility'.[15] Secondary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least 12 months since their last live birth, during which they did not use any contraceptives.[15] Thus the distinguishing feature is whether or not the couple have ever had a pregnancy which led to a live birth. These time intervals would seem to be reversed; this is an area where public policy trumps science.

Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis stimulatory and inhibitory signals. Diagnosis is based on history, physical examination, biochemical evaluation, ultrasonography, and laparotomy. Especially in men, psychological explanations should be considered as they are frequently the cause of sexual dysfunctions. Judaism and Reproductive Technology. (PDF, 2 MB) 2010. The most common of these tests include measurements of blood levels of certain hormones such as estradiol and FSH, which are related to ovarian function and overall egg numbers; TSH, which assesses thyroid function; and prolactin, a hormone that can affect menstrual function if elevated. 8 A high serum FSH level (greater than 30 to 40 mIU per mL [30 to 40 IU per L]) with a low estradiol level can distinguish ovarian failure from hypothalamic pituitary failure, which typically reveals a low or normal FSH level (less than 10 mIU per mL [10 IU per L]) and a low estradiol level.

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Possible problems could be that the egg is not released at the optimum time for fertilization, that it may not enter the fallopian tube, sperm may not be able to reach the egg, fertilization may fail to occur, transport of the zygote may be disturbed, or implantation fails. 34 Although intrauterine insemination has been shown to be equally effective as timed intercourse in unstimulated cycles, there is a modest increase in live birth rates when combined with ovarian stimulation. If they are blocked, it indicates the site of the block. The Fate of Non-absorbable Intraureteral Suture. (PDF, 233 KB) The Journal of Urology, 1973. Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common disorders impacting ovulation.

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This reduction division (ie, meiosis) results in a haploid chromosome number. Motility, adhesions and focusses of endometriosis can precisely be assessed by laparoscopy with blue instillation. The use of Epididymal and Testicular Spermatozoa for Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection: The Genetic Implications for Male Infertility. (PDF, 8 MB) Human Reproduction, 1995. In those with azoospermia and a varicocele, sperm may appear after repair in up to one third, but most of these men return to an azoospermic state within a few months.

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Weight loss in obese infertile women results in improvement in reproductive outcome for all forms of fertility treatment. Investigations Infertile couples are usually adviced to start their investigations after 12 months of trying to conceive or after 6 months if the female partner is more than 35 years old or immediately if there is an obvious cause for their infertility or subfertility [16]. 8 If a woman has irregular cycles, the testing should be conducted later in the cycle, starting seven days before presumed onset of menses, and repeated weekly until menses. Chlamydia test: Chlamydia can affect fertility, but antibiotics can treat it. Transitions of the tube mucosa with luminal adhesions develop from recent infections of the genitalia involving the adnexa. Listen to Professor Cheong talk about the fertility investigations we offer       Repeated pregnancy loss Some people may not have difficulty conceiving, but have suffered from miscarriages. Generally, evaluation should be offered to couples who have not conceived after one year of unprotected vaginal intercourse. 8–16 One retrospective case-control study of 650 men with infertility and 698 control participants questioned the role of environmental risk; no association could be determined after assessing for multiple factors including shift work, stress, and pesticides. When one year of sexual relationships without birth control measures has not lead to a pregnancy. Ovulation occurs about two weeks before a woman’s next period starts.