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Several studies have demonstrated that an increase in BMI is correlated with a decrease in sperm concentration, a decrease in motility and an increase DNA damage in sperm. Physical Problems A variety of physical problems can cause male infertility.  These problems either interfere with the sperm production process or disrupt the pathway down which sperm travel from the testes to the tip of the penis.  These problems are usually characterized by a low sperm count and/or abnormal sperm morphology.  The following is a list of the most common physical problems that cause male infertility: Variocoele: A varicocele is an enlargement of the internal spermatic veins that drain blood from the testicle to the abdomen (back to the heart) and are present in 15% of the general male population and 40% of infertile men.  These images show what a variocoele looks like externally and internally.  A varicocele develops when the one way valves in these spermatic veins are damaged causing an abnormal back flow of blood from the abdomen into the scrotum creating a hostile environment for sperm development.  Varicocoeles may cause reduced sperm count and abnormal sperm morphology which cause infertility.  Variococles can usually be diagnosed by a physical examination of the scrotum which can be aided by the Doppler stethoscope and scrotal ultrasound.  Varicocoele can be treated in many ways (see treatment section), but the most successful treatments involve corrective surgery. Microscopic Technique for Reversal of Vasectomy. (PDF, 3 MB) Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics, 1976. The four types of third party reproduction are 1) sperm donation – a process by which donated sperm is used for insemination in the uterus, or for fertilization of eggs in the IVF process; 2) egg or ovum donation – a process by which an egg donor undergoes an IVF cycle in order to obtain her eggs which are then donated and fertilized.

Requirements for Male Fertility (Continued) The ability to transmit the spermatozoa to the female vagina is also important. Not long after, the United States delivered its first IVF baby, and the use of IVF has grown dramatically. Infant Source : Fertility And Family Fembryo PPT Presentation Summary : FERTILITY AND FAMILY. This can be related to hormone issues, or to polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). A lower concentration may lead to a lower chance for conception without treatment; 3) sperm motility or movement – a normal motility should be at least 50%.

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If your cycles are infrequent or irregular, your doctor will examine you and perform the appropriate testing to discover which problem you may have and present the appropriate treatment options. Infertility tests for women A woman will undergo a general physical examination, and the doctor will ask about her medical history, medications, menstruation cycle, and sexual habits. The laparoscope aids diagnosis or therapeutic interventions with a few small cuts in the abdomen.[1] Laparoscopic surgery, also called minimally invasive surgery (MIS), bandaid surgery, or keyhole surgery, is a modern surgical technique. For example, endometriosis can cause infertility with the growth of endometrial tissue in the Fallopian tubes or around the ovaries. The testes are at risk for both thermal and physical trauma because of their exposed position.

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The Effect of Female Age and Ovarian Reserve on Pregnancy Rate in Male Infertility: Treatment of Azoospermia with Sperm Retrieval and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection. (PDF, 66 KB) Human Reproduction, 1997. Infertility may be caused by blockage of the Fallopian tube due to malformations, infections such as chlamydia or scar tissue. Blockage of the ejaculatory duct: Sperm can be extracted directly from the testicles and injected into an egg in the laboratory. The four types of third party reproduction are 1) sperm donation – a process by which donated sperm is used for insemination in the uterus, or for fertilization of eggs in the IVF process; 2) egg or ovum donation – a process by which an egg donor undergoes an IVF cycle in order to obtain her eggs which are then donated and fertilized. Eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa are also associated with extremely low BMI. Medicines and drugs  The side effects of some types of medicines and drugs can affect your fertility.

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Drugs used for both women and men[67] include clomiphene citrate, human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues, aromatase inhibitors, and metformin. If the epididymis is blocked, sperm may not be ejaculated properly. There is more controversy regarding intramural fibroids, where larger ones may have an impact and may necessitate removal. Exercise: Both too much and too little exercise can lead to fertility problems. 22 Treatment of Male Infertility Jump to section + Underlying etiology determines the therapeutic course, although male infertility is unexplained in 40% to 50% of cases. It must be kept in mind that a woman is no longer fertile around six years prior to the menopause. Source : Preserving your fertility - University of Kansas Hospital PPT Presentation Summary : Preserving your fertility. If an endocrinopathy, such as hyperprolactinemia, is diagnosed, the underlying cause should be treated. Postcoital testing and antisperm antibody testing are no longer considered useful in this evaluation. The abdomen is usually insufflated with carbon dioxide gas. Unexplained fertility affects about 10 percent of couples worldwide.