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Sertoli Cell only Revisited. (PDF, 1 MB) Human Reproduction, 1995. Epidemiological definition of infertility (for monitoring and surveillance) Women of reproductive age (15–49 years) at risk of becoming pregnant (not pregnant, sexually active, not using contraception and not lactating) who report trying unsuccessfully for a pregnancy for two years or more. (Reproductive Health Indicators) Infertility as a disability Disability: Infertility generates disability (an impairment of function), and thus access to health care falls under the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disability. The number of days in between each period varies each month. This results in normal or enhanced follicular recruitment without the risk of multiple ovulation and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. These medicines are listed below: sulfasalazine – an anti-inflammatory medicine used to treat conditions such as Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis; sulfasalazine can decrease the number of sperm, but its effects are temporary and your sperm count should return to normal when you stop taking it anabolic steroids – are often used illegally to build muscle and improve athletic performance; long-term abuse of anabolic steroids can reduce sperm count and sperm mobility chemotherapy – medicines used in chemotherapy can sometimes severely reduce sperm production herbal remedies – some herbal remedies, such as root extracts of the Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii, can affect the production of sperm or reduce the size of your testicles Illegal drugs, such as marijuana and cocaine, can also affect semen quality. If the egg does not travel, it can be harder to conceive naturally.

Endometrial biopsy should be performed only in women with suspected pathology (chronic endometritis or neoplasia). Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection. (PDF, 4 MB) Chapter 47 from textbook Current Therapy in Equine Reproduction, 2006. Although relatively uncommon, eating disorders can negatively affect menstruation, fertility, and maternal and fetal well-being.

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Risk factors for the formation of antisperm antibodies in men include the breakdown of the blood‑testis barrier, trauma and surgery, orchitis, varicocele, infections, prostatitis, testicular cancer, failure of immunosuppression and unprotected receptive anal or oral sex with men.[23][24] Sexually transmitted infections[edit] Infections with the following sexually transmitted pathogens have a negative effect on fertility: Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Today: A Personal Review. (PDF, 5 MB) Human Reproduction, 1998. Serum gonadotrophins (follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone) on Day2-3 especially in irregular periods. (N. Ovulation disorders appear to be the most common cause of infertility in women.

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Other causes may include: Genetic factors: A man should have an X and Y chromosome. 33 Use of antioxidants such as zinc, vitamin E, or l-carnitine showed increased live birth rates in three small randomized controlled trials in couples undergoing assisted reproductive technology. Women with regular menstrual cycles are likely to be ovulating and should be offered serum progesterone testing at day 21 to confirm ovulation. Afterward, the embryos are incubated again and then transferred to the cavum uteri of the woman. 8,46 Obesity impairs fertility and the response to fertility treatments, including in vitro fertilization; therefore, it is advisable to counsel patients who are obese to lose weight before conception or infertility treatments.

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Outside pregnancy and lactation, women with high levels of prolactin may have irregular ovulation cycles and fertility problems. Microsurgical Aspects of Varicocele. (PDF, 9 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1979. Recent Advances in Male Reproductive Surgery. (PDF, 10 MB) Chapter 13 from Annual Progress in Reproductive Medicine, 1993. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Chlamydia can damage the fallopian tubes in a woman and cause inflammation in a man's scrotum. Fertilizing Capacity of Epididymal and Testicular Sperm using Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI). (PDF, 7 MB)Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 1995. Fertilization takes place outside the body, and the fertilized egg is reinserted into the woman's reproductive tract, in a procedure called embryo transfer. Outlook For couples who experience fertility problems and those who wish to have children at an older age, there are more options available than ever before.