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Treatment of Hemorrhage from Renal Trauma by Angiographic Injection of Clot. (PDF, 1 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1978. Mental stress: This may affect female ovulation and male sperm production and can lead to reduced sexual activity.

Ovarian Transplantation between Monozygotic Twins Discordant for Premature Ovarian Failure. (PDF, 315 KB) The New England Journal of Medicine, 2005. The pituitary gland is controlled by the hypothalamus. High Fertilization and Pregnancy Rate after Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection with Spermatozoa Obtained from Testicle Biopsy. (PDF, 3 MB) Human Reproduction, 1995.

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Drawbacks of ICSI include unknown risks to the egg or embryo and damage to the embryo. Reduced secretion of cervical mucus due to destruction of the endocervical glands by previous cervical conization, freezing, or laser vaporization responds poorly to low-dose estrogen therapy. Diagnosis is based on history, physical examination, biochemical evaluation, ultrasonography, and laparotomy. 3) Tubal occlusion (blockage): As discussed previously, a history of sexually transmitted infections including chlamydia, gonorrhea, or pelvic inflammatory disease can predispose a woman to having blocked fallopian tubes. Erectile dysfunction, vaginismus (painful involuntary spasm of vagina preventing intercourse) and dyspareunia (pain during sexual intercourse) can explain involuntary childlessness in some couples. Ovulation test kits or monitors are available at pharmacies and can help a woman determine her fertile time.   SOURCES How common is male infertility, and what are its causes?

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Those who prefer surgery first argue that because the size of endometriosis decreases, lesions that cannot be observed during surgery may be present; therefore, the operation is less than ideal and is associated with an increased chance for early recurrence. In addition to sperm immobility, patients experience sinusitis, bronchiectasis, and respiratory infections. Ectopic pregnancy This is when a fertilized egg implants outside the womb, usually in a fallopian tube. Ovary Transplantation for Fertility Preservation in Cancer Patients: Fresh and Frozen. (PDF, 1 MB) Chapter 42 from textbook Clinial Infertility, 2010. Epididymal Extravasation Following Vasectomy as a Cause for Failure of Vasectomy Reversal. (PDF, 22 MB)Fertility and Sterility, 1979. For unknown reasons, as women age, egg numbers decrease at a rapid rate.

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A blood test done on days 21 or 22 of a normal 28-day menstrual cycle can be used to test whether ovulation has occurred by measuring the progesterone level. Female and male factors are equally responsible for infertility. IVF and other fertility treatments have resulted in an increase in multiple births, provoking ethical analysis because of the link between multiple pregnancies, premature birth, and a host of health problems. There are also a number of sperm production problems that can contribute to infertility, including: Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles)  Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles) are swollen veins causing your testicles to get hotter and affect the production of sperm  These are treated with surgery  Testicular injury   Serious trauma to the testicles such as becoming twisted (torsion) can affect sperm production  Damage from playing sports or an accident can rupture the vessels that supply blood to the testicles  Previous injuries can’t be treated, but an ART treatment may help you to conceive Undescended testicles  In the uterus, baby boys’ testicles form in their abdomen and descend into their scrotum shortly before birth  Some men’s testicles don’t descend before they are born (cryptorchidism), although in these cases they usually drop in the first six months after birth  If left untreated, undescended testicles can affect fertility Testicular cancer  This happens when a malignant tumour in the testicle destroys testicular tissue  If undetected, testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body  This is treated either by surgery, medication, radiotherapy or chemotherapy  However, cancer therapy can also damage sperm production  Genetic defects  Sometimes, genetic information on the Y chromosome (which is only present in men) is deleted (micro-deletions),6 which can reduce the production of sperm  Depending on where the micro-deletion is on the chromosome, this may be treated by surgically extracting sperm from part of your reproductive tract  However, some couples may need to consider using a donor sperm to conceive Mumps Contracting mumps (or mumps-related orchitis) after puberty may damage the sperm-producing cells in your testicles,  causing infertility or subfertility7 Usually, only one testicle is affected and if you have one functioning testicle you may not need treatment  However, some couples may need to use a sperm donor in order to conceive Anti-sperm antibodies  Anti-sperm antibodies are large proteins in your blood that are hostile to sperm  They can cause sperm to clump together and prevent them from swimming, or they may mistake sperm cells for an infection and try to destroy them  This can be treated using an ART treatment   Lifestyle   Sperm production can be affected by a range of lifestyle factors, including smoking, drinking, drugs, stress, overweight and unhealthy food Environmental factors can also affect your sperm quality, including overheating of your testicles, some sexual lubricants, the chemicals involved in certain manufacturing, painting or printing jobs   These factors are treated by making lifestyle changes, such as wearing loose clothing to avoid overheating Hormonal problems  Hormonal problems are rarely the cause of male infertility problems  However, some men have a natural deficiency in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH), which prevents the testicles from producing testosterone or developing healthy sperm  Hormonal problems can usually be treated with medication Obstruction problems Blocked sperm ducts  Occasionally, male sperm ducts (epididymis and vas deferens) can become blocked, meaning that your semen doesn’t contain any sperm  This can be treated with surgery, or sperm may be surgically extracted from part of your reproductive tract  Vasectomy  Some men have had a previous vasectomy to stop them being able to conceive  This can sometimes be reversed using surgery  The procedure’s success depends on how long ago your vasectomy was performed  Previous infections  Infections can cause scarring or adhesions (organs sticking together) in your sperm ducts  This can usually be treated with surgery  Does age affect male fertility? There are different studies, for both women and men.[69] Spermatogonial stem cells trasplant: it takes places in the seminiferous tubule. Fertility Evaluation of the Male Partner: Semen Analysis Semen analysis is an essential part of the evaluation. If conception does not occur after many months or years of trying, it can lead to stress and possibly depression. Key to the diagnosis of male infertility is a semen analysis, which assesses primarily sperm numbers, sperm movement and sperm form. These risks include: Age (past age 40, men experience more fertility problems). In GIFT, the sperm and eggs are mixed together before a doctor inserts them. Scrotal surgery, including vasectomy, hydrocelectomy (5-6%), and spermatocelectomy (up to 17%), may lead to epididymal injury and subsequent obstruction.[30] Antisperm antibodies Antisperm antibodies bind to sperm, impair motility, and lead to clumping, impairing movement through the female reproductive tract and interaction with the oocyte. WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PRIMARY AND SECONDARY STERILITY?