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Nonfunctional pituitary tumors may compress the pituitary stalk or the gonadotropic cells, interrupting the proper chain of signals leading to pituitary failure. Its treatment depends on the etiologic factor, but, in many instances, the underlying cause remains unknown. Role of Semen Analysis in Subfertile Couples. (PDF, 250 KB) Fertility and Sterility, 2010. Laparoscopic and thoracoscopic surgery belong to the broader field of endoscopy.

Treatment of Female Infertility: Ovulation Induction Agents The main agents used for the induction of ovulation include: Clomiphene citrate is an orally active, nonsteroidal agent structurally similar to estrogen. Tubal obstruction and lysis of adhesions can be corrected through laparotomy, operative laparoscopy, and, in special circumstances, through operative hysteroscopy and tubal cannulation. The prevalence varies widely, being less in developed countries and more in developing countries where limited resources for investigation and treatment are available [2].

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Treatment Possibilities: Male Infertility Surgical treatment may be successful in some cases, such as varicocele. The success of the procedure is related to the diameter of the hydrosalpinx and to the damage to the cilial epithelium.

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Ultrasound: This may reveal issues such as ejaculatory duct obstruction or retrograde ejaculation. This technique is called hand-assist laparoscopy. In this case synthetic FSH by injection or Clomid (Clomiphene citrate) via a pill can be given to stimulate follicles to mature in the ovaries. The main side effects are hot flushes, gastrointestinal events (nausea and vomiting), headache, back pain, and leg cramps. Women attempting pregnancy at age 40 or older have a 50% decreased fertility rate and a two-fold to three-fold increased risk of spontaneous abortion compared with younger women.

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Surgeons who choose this hand-assist technique feel it reduces operative time significantly versus the straight laparoscopic approach. Placenta Percreta Invading Bladder. (PDF, 2 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1973. Prolactin stimulates breast development and lactation; therefore, patients with infertility due to a prolactinoma may have gynecomastia and galactorrhea. Outcome of Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection with Testicular Spermatozoa in Obstructive and Non-obstructive Azoospermia. (PDF, 426 KB) Human Reproduction, 1996. In fact, nearly 1 in 10 people struggle with infertility. There are many disorders that may impact the ability for a woman to ovulate normally. After their release from the Sertoli cells into the lumen of the seminiferous tubules, the spermatids successively pass through the tubuli recti, rete testis, ductuli efferentes, and, finally, the epididymis (see image below). Some respond by actively avoiding the issue altogether; middle-class men are the most likely to respond in this way.[21] In the United States some treatments for infertility, including diagnostic tests, surgery and therapy for depression, can qualify one for Family and Medical Leave Act leave. Trauma, previous attempts at sperm aspiration, and inguinal surgery may also result in ductal blockage.


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See also
Workup for Infertility
Zift Infertility Procedure
Infertility Weight Gain