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Surgeons must use tools to interact with tissue rather than manipulate it directly with their hands. Problems maintaining erection A man’s ability to maintain an erection is often linked to his hormone levels. Unfortunately, clinical examinations, ultrasounds and analyses rarely indicate the reason for the problem and, as such, medical or surgical treatment is infrequent. Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) usually results from taking medications to stimulate the ovaries, such as clomifene and gonadotrophins. As a result, infertility has come to be defined as the inability to conceive within 12 months.

30–32 Other treatment options include antiestrogens and gonadotropin therapy, which showed a trend toward increased live birth rates in a Cochrane review. Primary infertility When a woman is unable to ever bear a child, either due to the inability to become pregnant or the inability to carry a pregnancy to a live birth she would be classified as having primary infertility.

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Requirements for Female Fertility (Continued) Other requirements for female fertility include: Adequate sexual drive and sexual function to permit coitus. Blood test: This can assess hormone levels and whether a woman is ovulating. Oligospermia is the most frequent cause of male infertility.

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This should be followed by documentation of ovulation via serum progesterone. But the sperm in the semen are either abnormal, very low in number, or not there at all.

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Aromatase inhibitors Aromatase inhibitors (letrozole, anastrozole) inhibit the action of the enzyme aromatase, which converts androgens into estrogens by a process called aromatization. However, a survey has suggested that the 3 days most likely to offer a fertile window are the 2 days before ovulation plus the 1 day of ovulation. There are also a number of sperm production problems that can contribute to infertility, including: Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles)  Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles) are swollen veins causing your testicles to get hotter and affect the production of sperm  These are treated with surgery  Testicular injury   Serious trauma to the testicles such as becoming twisted (torsion) can affect sperm production  Damage from playing sports or an accident can rupture the vessels that supply blood to the testicles  Previous injuries can’t be treated, but an ART treatment may help you to conceive Undescended testicles  In the uterus, baby boys’ testicles form in their abdomen and descend into their scrotum shortly before birth  Some men’s testicles don’t descend before they are born (cryptorchidism), although in these cases they usually drop in the first six months after birth  If left untreated, undescended testicles can affect fertility Testicular cancer  This happens when a malignant tumour in the testicle destroys testicular tissue  If undetected, testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body  This is treated either by surgery, medication, radiotherapy or chemotherapy  However, cancer therapy can also damage sperm production  Genetic defects  Sometimes, genetic information on the Y chromosome (which is only present in men) is deleted (micro-deletions),6 which can reduce the production of sperm  Depending on where the micro-deletion is on the chromosome, this may be treated by surgically extracting sperm from part of your reproductive tract  However, some couples may need to consider using a donor sperm to conceive Mumps Contracting mumps (or mumps-related orchitis) after puberty may damage the sperm-producing cells in your testicles,  causing infertility or subfertility7 Usually, only one testicle is affected and if you have one functioning testicle you may not need treatment  However, some couples may need to use a sperm donor in order to conceive Anti-sperm antibodies  Anti-sperm antibodies are large proteins in your blood that are hostile to sperm  They can cause sperm to clump together and prevent them from swimming, or they may mistake sperm cells for an infection and try to destroy them  This can be treated using an ART treatment   Lifestyle   Sperm production can be affected by a range of lifestyle factors, including smoking, drinking, drugs, stress, overweight and unhealthy food Environmental factors can also affect your sperm quality, including overheating of your testicles, some sexual lubricants, the chemicals involved in certain manufacturing, painting or printing jobs   These factors are treated by making lifestyle changes, such as wearing loose clothing to avoid overheating Hormonal problems  Hormonal problems are rarely the cause of male infertility problems  However, some men have a natural deficiency in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH), which prevents the testicles from producing testosterone or developing healthy sperm  Hormonal problems can usually be treated with medication Obstruction problems Blocked sperm ducts  Occasionally, male sperm ducts (epididymis and vas deferens) can become blocked, meaning that your semen doesn’t contain any sperm  This can be treated with surgery, or sperm may be surgically extracted from part of your reproductive tract  Vasectomy  Some men have had a previous vasectomy to stop them being able to conceive  This can sometimes be reversed using surgery  The procedure’s success depends on how long ago your vasectomy was performed  Previous infections  Infections can cause scarring or adhesions (organs sticking together) in your sperm ducts  This can usually be treated with surgery  Does age affect male fertility? In some cases, the egg may have matured properly, but the follicle may have failed to burst (or the follicle may have burst without releasing the egg). 2) Medications to induce egg development and ovulation: The medications that help stimulate the ovary to develop mature eggs for ovulation come in two forms: pills taken by mouth and injections. Infertility treatments are expensive and often not covered by insurance-this could deter lower Source : Demographic data evaluation.: fertility measures PPT Presentation Summary : COVENANT UNIVERSITY DEPT. 37 Clomiphene has also proven effective for ovulation induction in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Earn up to 6 CME credits per issue.     To see the full article, log in or purchase access. Renal Echinococcus. (PDF, 1 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1972. ICSI with Epididymal and Testicular Sperm Retrieval. (PDF, 1 MB) Male Sterility and Motility Disorders: Etiological Factors and Treatment, 1998. Diagnosis of Sterility An important part of the diagnosis is a detailed anamnesis and the routine gynecologic examination. It does not affect the couples' life only, but it also affects the healthcare services and social environment [4].