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ED may be the consequence of the conversion of androgens to estradiol. These pyramids are filled with the seminiferous tubules. The authors of the new global standards said the revised definition gave every individual “the right to reproduce.” Until now, the WHO’s definition of infertility—which it classed as a disability—has been the failure to achieve pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular unprotected sex. This includes injuries to the testicles, epididymides, prostate, or the urethra. This reduction division (ie, meiosis) results in a haploid chromosome number. Controversies in OB/GYN: Is Varicocelectomy Useful for Treatment of Male-factor Infertility? (PDF, 4 MB)Contemporary OB/GYN, 2001.

The epididymis is a coil-like structure in the testicles which helps store and transport sperm. Infection and Disease: Mumps, tuberculosis, brucellosis, gonorrhea, typhoid, influenza, smallpox, and syphilis can cause testicular atrophy.  A low sperm count and low sperm motility are indicators of this condition.  Also, elevated FSH levels and other hormonal problems are indicative of testicular damage.  Some STDs like gonorrhea and chlamydia can cause infertility by blocking the epididimis or tubes.  These conditions are usually treated by hormonal replacement therapy and surgery in the case of tubular blockage. For a woman to conceive, certain things have to happen: vaginal intercourse must take place around the time when an egg is released from her ovary; the system that produces eggs has to be working at optimum levels; and her hormones must be balanced.[54] For women, problems with fertilisation arise mainly from either structural problems in the Fallopian tube or uterus or problems releasing eggs. Thyroid dysfunction can halt ovulation by upsetting the balance of the body’s natural reproductive hormones. 0.[44] Environmental factors Toxins such as glues, volatile organic solvents or silicones, physical agents, chemical dusts, and pesticides.[45][46] Tobacco smokers are 60% more likely to be infertile than non-smokers.[47] German scientists have reported that a virus called adeno-associated virus might have a role in male infertility,[48] though it is otherwise not harmful.[49] Other diseases such as chlamydia, and gonorrhea can also cause infertility, due to internal scarring (fallopian tube obstruction).[50][51][52] Alimentary habits[53] Obesity: The obesity epidemic has recently become is a serious issue, particularly in industrialized nations.

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El Uso de las Espermátides en la Azoospermia. (PDF, 12 MB) Chapter 42 from Reproducción Humana, 2002. In the United States, around 10 percent of women aged 15 to 44 years are estimated to have difficulty conceiving or staying pregnant. Transplantation of Rat Kidneys with Acute Tubular Necrosis into Salt-loaded and Normal Recipients. (PDF, 2 MB)Surgery, 1975. For example, endometriosis can cause infertility with the growth of endometrial tissue in the Fallopian tubes or around the ovaries.

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The test is rated positively when motile sperm can be proved in the mucus. Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS) The syndrome occurs due to treatment with medicamentous ovulation inductors. Sermondade N, Faure C, Fezeu L, Lévy R, Czernichow S; Obesity-Fertility Collaborative Group.

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Lack of estrogen brings about decreased spinnbarkeit of the cervical mucus. In patients with nonobstructive azoospermia, retrograde ejaculation can be the etiologic factor. [107] The treatment consists of recovering sperm from a urine sample collected immediately after ejaculation. Many health conditions can make it hard to get pregnant. ART: Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) Another ART procedure  Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)  involves the injection of a single sperm into the egg. If the woman reaches the age of 40 during treatment, complete the current full cycle but do not offer further full cycles. In women aged 40–42 years who have not conceived after 2 years of regular unprotected intercourse or 12 cycles of artificial insemination (where 6 or more are by intrauterine insemination), offer 1 full cycle of IVF, with or without ICSI. This measurement is called the antral follicle count and may correlate with fertility potential. Through this process, gaps in knowledge and key areas of research required in developing countries and low resource settings will be identified. Abnormal sperm: The sperm may have an unusual shape, making it harder to move and fertilize an egg. Grading is as follows: Grade 0 – No movement Grade 1 – Sluggish movement Grade 2 – Slow movement in a poorly defined direction Grade 3 – Slow or curved forward movement Grade 4 – Fast movement straight forward  Patients with abnormal sperm motility should be evaluated for the following: Pyospermia Antisperm antibodies Varicocele Sperm ultrastructural abnormalities Partial ductal obstruction Sperm morphology The head, acrosome, mid piece, and tail of individual spermatozoa are analyzed with phase-contrast microscopy after fixation with Papanicolaou stain. Endometriosis (especially if chronic), uterine fibroids (myomas), or an abnormally-shaped uterus might interfere with conception as well.  Age  As women grow older, it usually becomes more challenging for them to conceive. 6 The initial history should cover menstrual history, timing and frequency of intercourse, previous use of contraception, previous pregnancies and outcomes, pelvic infections, medication use, occupational exposures, substance abuse, alcohol intake, tobacco use, and previous surgery on reproductive organs. It does not include procedures in which only sperm are manipulated, such as intrauterine insemination, or procedures in which a woman takes drugs only to stimulate egg production, without the intention of having eggs retrieved. Intra-uterine insemination for unexplained subfertility.