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Common causes of infertility of females include: ovulation problems (e.g. polycystic ovarian syndrome, PCOS, the leading reason why women present to fertility clinics due to anovulatory infertility.[58]) tubal blockage pelvic inflammatory disease caused by infections like tuberculosis age-related factors uterine problems previous tubal ligation endometriosis advanced maternal age immune infertility Males[edit] The main cause of male infertility is low semen quality. Affected individuals displayed more severe forms of infertility such as azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia.[27] Other causes[edit] Factors that can cause male as well as female infertility are: DNA damage DNA damage reduces fertility in female ovocytes, as caused by smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as radiation or chemotherapy)[29] or accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine[30] DNA damage reduces fertility in male sperm, as caused by oxidative DNA damage,[31] smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as drugs or chemotherapy)[32] or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen species, fever or high testicular temperature.[33] The damaged DNA related to infertility manifests itself by the increased susceptibility to denaturation inducible by heat or acid [34] or by the presence of double-strand breaks that can be detected by the TUNEL assay.[35] General factors Diabetes mellitus,[36][37] thyroid disorders,[38] undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease,[39][40][41][42] adrenal disease[43] Hypothalamic-pituitary factors Hyperprolactinemia Hypopituitarism The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is associated with an increased risk of unexplained subfertility with an odds ratio of 1.

Legal, cultural and religious inquiries have limited the available choices in some countries, such as the use of donor sperms or oocytes. Sexual history – One of the purposes of obtaining a sexual history is to determine whether the partners have any sexual disturbance or dysfunction. If it stays in there, complications can develop, such as the rupture of the fallopian tube. Abnormal semen may not be able to carry the sperm effectively.

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Infertility tests for men The doctor will ask the man about his medical history, medications, and sexual habits and carry out a physical examination. Preliminary Tests of a New Reversible Male Contraceptive in Bush Dog, Speothos Venaticus: Open-ended Vasectomy and Microscopic Reversal. (PDF, 106 KB) Journal of Zoo and Wildlife, 2006. Polycystic ovary syndrome (also known as Stein-Leventhal syndrome) and hyperprolactinemia can also cause anovulatory cycles through hormonal imbalances.[1][2] Functional problem[edit] This accounts for around 10-15% of all cases of anovulation.

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Cervical surgery can sometimes cause scarring or shortening of the cervix. 47 Motivational interviewing techniques for modifiable risk factors, such as obesity, tobacco, illicit drugs, and alcohol, can decrease the targeted risk factor. Effects[edit] Psychological[edit] The consequences of infertility are manifold and can include societal repercussions and personal suffering. 0 Definition of Sterility and Infertility With regard to terminology, infertility has to be distinguished from sterility. The Varicocele Dilemma. (PDF, 139 KB) Human Reproduction, 2001.

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The physician or WHNP may also suggest using a conception cap cervical cap, which the patient uses at home by placing the sperm inside the cap and putting the conception device on the cervix, or intrauterine insemination (IUI), in which the doctor or WHNP introduces sperm into the uterus during ovulation, via a catheter. There may be testicular malformations, hormone imbalance, or blockage of the man's duct system. 8,45 Figure 1 provides an algorithmic approach to the evaluation of infertility.   Enlarge      Print Infertility Evaluation Figure 1. Sperm Granuloma and Reversibility of Vasectomy. (PDF, 11 MB) Lancet, 1977. Epidemiological definition of infertility (for monitoring and surveillance) Women of reproductive age (15–49 years) at risk of becoming pregnant (not pregnant, sexually active, not using contraception and not lactating) who report trying unsuccessfully for a pregnancy for two years or more. (Reproductive Health Indicators) Infertility as a disability Disability: Infertility generates disability (an impairment of function), and thus access to health care falls under the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disability. Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Pro-life opposition to the destruction of embryos not transferred in vivo. In this case, your doctor may recommend surgically extracting sperm from part of your reproductive tract to help you to conceive. Epididymal and Testicular Spermatozoa and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection. (PDF, 7 MB) Assisted Reproduction Reviews, 1996. El Uso de las Espermátides en la Azoospermia. (PDF, 12 MB) Chapter 42 from Reproducción Humana, 2002. Medical treatments[edit] Medical treatment of infertility generally involves the use of fertility medication, medical device, surgery, or a combination of the following. Infertility and Impaired Fecundity in the United States, 1982-2010: Data from the National Survey of Family Growth. Additional risk factors may include smoking, alcohol use, obesity, and older age; however, the data are hampered by a lack of pregnancy-related outcomes. Moderate alcohol consumption has not been shown to lower fertility in most men, but it may affect those who already have a low sperm count. If a blockage is present, surgery may be necessary.