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Primary vs. secondary infertility[edit] Primary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least 12 months, during which they have not used any contraceptives.[14] The World Health Organisation also adds that 'women whose pregnancy spontaneously miscarries, or whose pregnancy results in a still born child, without ever having had a live birth would present with primarily infertility'.[15] Secondary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least 12 months since their last live birth, during which they did not use any contraceptives.[15] Thus the distinguishing feature is whether or not the couple have ever had a pregnancy which led to a live birth. Additional risk factors may include smoking, alcohol use, obesity, and older age; however, the data are hampered by a lack of pregnancy-related outcomes. Epididymal Extravasation Following Vasectomy as a Cause for Failure of Vasectomy Reversal. (PDF, 22 MB)Fertility and Sterility, 1979.

The Prevention of Acute Tubular Necrosis in Renal Transplantation by Chronic Salt Loading of the Recipient. (PDF, 627 KB) ANZ Journal of Surgery, 1974. Hofherr SE, Wiktor AE, Kipp BR, Dawson DB, Van Dyke DL. Ovulation disorders About one quarter of infertility cases are due to ovulation disorders. Other causes of ovulation disorders include ovarian insufficiency and hypothalamic amenorrhea. Additionally, multiple pregnancies cumulatively occur after ovarian stimulation.

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Recombination Between Palindromes P5 and P1 on the HUman Y Chromosome Causes Massive Deletions and Spermatogenic Failure. (PDF, 786 KB) The American Journal of Human Genetics, 2002. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection[edit] ICSI technique is used in case of poor semen quality, low sperm count or failed fertilization attempts during prior IVF cycles.

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Surgical sperm aspiration: The sperm is removed from part of the male reproductive tract, such as the vas deferens, testicle, or epididymis. Demographic definitions of infertility An inability of those of reproductive age (15-49 years) to become or remain pregnant within five years of exposure to pregnancy. (DHS2) An inability to become pregnant with a live birth, within five years of exposure based upon a consistent union status, lack of contraceptive use, non-lactating and maintaining a desire for a child. (Trends in prevalence4). Seminoma Discovered in Two Males Undergoing Successful Testicular Sperm Extraction for Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection. (PDF, 807 KB) Human Reproduction, 1995. Females[edit] The following causes of infertility may only be found in females. The administration of hMG and its derivatives should be under the direct supervision of a reproductive endocrinologist.

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6 The initial history should cover menstrual history, timing and frequency of intercourse, previous use of contraception, previous pregnancies and outcomes, pelvic infections, medication use, occupational exposures, substance abuse, alcohol intake, tobacco use, and previous surgery on reproductive organs. 8,37 Women in WHO group II, including those who are overweight and who have polycystic ovary syndrome, can benefit from weight loss, exercise, and lifestyle modifications to restore ovulatory cycles and achieve pregnancy. Typical characteristics are ascites and cyst formation of the ovaries. Instructions for collecting the sample should include abstinence from ejaculation for 48 to 72 hours. There are medications to help increase the chance of getting and keeping an erection. The effect of age upon men's fertility is less clear.[citation needed] In people going forward for IVF in the UK, roughly half of fertility problems with a diagnosed cause are due to problems with the man, and about half due to problems with the woman. 1 Infertility is medically defined as the inability to conceive after 12 months of unprotected sex. Y Chromosome Deletions in Azoospermic and Severely Oligozoospermic Men Undergoing Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection after Testicular Sperm Extraction. (PDF, 336 KB) Human Reproduction, 1998. Germ cells and white blood cells both appear as round cells on microscopic examination, so immunohistochemical stains are used to differentiate the 2 cell types. Post-testicular causes of infertility Post-testicular causes of infertility include problems with sperm transportation through the ductal system, either congenital or acquired. Clark AM, Thornley B, Tomlinson L, Galletley C, Norman RJ. Further reading[edit] Fertility: Assessment and Treatment for People with Fertility Problems. She will also undergo a gynecologic examination and a number of tests: Laparoscopy involves inserting a thin tube with a camera on to investigate and possibly remove unwanted tissue. Treatment Possibilities: Male Infertility Surgical treatment may be successful in some cases, such as varicocele.