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Cervical surgery can sometimes cause scarring or shortening of the cervix. Hystersalpingography (HSG): Further investigations 17. Investigation of suspected tubal and uterine abnormalities: 2. Cystic Fibrosis and Infertility Caused by Congenital Bilateral Absence of the Vas Deferens and Related Clinical Entities. (PDF, 2 MB) Human Reproduction, 1996.

Luteal phase support. (and cryopreservation choice offered if good quality embryos are available) IVF/ICSI 37. Down-regulation: - to avoid premature LH surge and spontenous ovulation. - either GnRH agonist protocol or GnRH antagonist protocol. - always use GnRH antagonist protocol in women with high risk of OHSS. Embryo Development after ICSI Using Testicular, Epididymal and Ejaculated Spermatozoa. (PDF, 2 MB) Frontiers in Endocrinology, 1995. These include advancing maternal age, severe male factor infertility (whereby ICSI can be used to fertilize the egg), and endometriosis, amongst many others. In these methods, fertilization occurs inside the body. M. genitalium infection is associated with increased risk of infertility.[25][26] Genetic[edit] A Robertsonian translocation in either partner may cause recurrent spontaneous abortions or complete infertility.[citation needed] Mutations to NR5A1 gene encoding Steroidogenic Factor-1 (SF-1) have been found in a small subset of men with non-obstructive male factor infertility where the cause is unknown. Issues with ejaculation Similarly, an inability to ejaculate is a sign that it might be time to visit a doctor.

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Affected individuals displayed more severe forms of infertility such as azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia.[27] Other causes[edit] Factors that can cause male as well as female infertility are: DNA damage DNA damage reduces fertility in female ovocytes, as caused by smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as radiation or chemotherapy)[29] or accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine[30] DNA damage reduces fertility in male sperm, as caused by oxidative DNA damage,[31] smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as drugs or chemotherapy)[32] or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen species, fever or high testicular temperature.[33] The damaged DNA related to infertility manifests itself by the increased susceptibility to denaturation inducible by heat or acid [34] or by the presence of double-strand breaks that can be detected by the TUNEL assay.[35] General factors Diabetes mellitus,[36][37] thyroid disorders,[38] undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease,[39][40][41][42] adrenal disease[43] Hypothalamic-pituitary factors Hyperprolactinemia Hypopituitarism The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is associated with an increased risk of unexplained subfertility with an odds ratio of 1. They can often recommend a counselor and others who can offer appropriate support. Some causes are more common in some countries than others, such as pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID) and sexually transmitted infections (STI) in Africa [10].

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Fertilization takes place outside the body, and the fertilized egg is reinserted into the woman's reproductive tract, in a procedure called embryo transfer. Aetiology of Congenital Absence of Vas Deferens: Genetic Study of Three Generations. (PDF, 4 MB) Human Reproduction, 1993. Edwards; the physiologist who developed the treatment, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 2010. Regrettably, this often leads to untruly high expectations of assisted reproduction techniques (ART) [40].

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Bromocriptine and cabergoline are dopamine agonists used to suppress prolactin levels. Castration of the affected testis may allow the other testis to regain its ability to produce sperm, but the prognosis is guarded. Other medical techniques are e.g. tuboplasty, assisted hatching, and preimplantation genetic diagnosis. These specimens benefit most from layering a washed pellet of sperm with nutrient media and allowing the motile fraction to swim up into the media before being separated. [109] After sperm preparation, the spermatozoa are enhanced in motility and become activated and ready to fertilize an oocyte. The resulting injuries can result in perforated organs and can also lead to peritonitis.[medical citation needed] There may be an increased risk of hypothermia and peritoneal trauma due to increased exposure to cold, dry gases during insufflation. Between 45 and 50 percent of cases are thought to stem from factors that affect the man. Allocation of medical resources that could be used elsewhere The legal status of embryos fertilized in vitro and not transferred in vivo. (See also beginning of pregnancy controversy). Low sperm mobility (motility): The sperm cannot "swim" as well as they should to reach the egg. Secondary infertility When a woman is unable to bear a child, either due to the inability to become pregnant or the inability to carry a pregnancy to a live birth following either a previous pregnancy or a previous ability to carry a pregnancy to a live birth, she would be classified as having secondary infertility. The vas deferens carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct and the urethra. Urinary monitoring of the LH surge (eg, with an LH Predictor Kit) can be a substitute for BBT. A history and physical examination can help direct the evaluation. Y Chromosome Deletions in Azoospermic and Severely Oligozoospermic Men Undergoing Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection after Testicular Sperm Extraction. (PDF, 336 KB) Human Reproduction, 1998.


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