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Female factor Dysfunction of the female reproductive organs is also apparent in around 40% of infertile couples. 17 Evaluation of male infertility starts with a history and physical examination focusing on previous fertility, pelvic or inguinal surgeries, systemic diseases, and exposures. Female infertility has many possible causes, such as irregular ovulation, uterine fibroids, fallopian tube blockage, PCOS, or endometriosis. If sperm does not appear in the ejaculate, but they are being produced, the doctor may be able to take sperm directly from the testicles, or from the bladder (in cases of retrograde ejaculation), and use that sperm to fertilize an egg in the lab. Eating disorders: If an eating disorder leads to serious weight loss, fertility problems may arise.

Associated conditions[edit] For most women, alteration of menstrual periods is the principal indication of chronic anovulation. Varicocele A varicocele is a swelling of the veins that drain the testicle, which can impact sperm quality. Religious leaders' opinions on fertility treatments; for example, the Roman Catholic Church views infertility as a calling to adopt or to use natural treatments (medication, surgery, or cycle charting) and members must reject assisted reproductive technologies. Male infertility tests: Going under the microscope Identifying the cause of a man's infertility is as much an art as a science. “The first step is an evaluation by a physician specializing in male infertility,” says Stephen Shaban, MD, a urologist specializing in male reproductive medicine and microsurgery in Raleigh, North Carolina. Women receiving fertility treatment have a slightly higher risk of an ectopic pregnancy.

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In this treatment, millions of healthy sperm are injected into the woman’s uterus at the time of ovulation.  IVF: The most effective assisted reproductive treatment is in vitro fertilization or IVF. Those who do have fertility problems are treated according to the following guidelines: [112, 113, 114] Chronic cervical factor of absence of mucus - Intrauterine insemination Cervical incompetence - Cerclage Damage/absence of fallopian tubes (ectopic) - In vitro fertilization Unicornuate uterus A unicornuate uterus remains undetected unless fertility is compromised. Treatment of tubal obstruction generally requires referral for subspecialty care. A low testosterone level with a low FSH level signals a secondary cause.

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A spermiogram control study is performed after 3 cycles of therapy. The Effect of Female Age and Ovarian Reserve on Pregnancy Rate in Male Infertility: Treatment of Azoospermia with Sperm Retrieval and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection. (PDF, 66 KB) Human Reproduction, 1997. In vitro fertilization (IVF). In this technique, your doctor places into your uterus that were fertilized in a dish. Various parameters are measured, such as ejaculate volume and sperm density, quality, motility, and morphology.

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IVF and related techniques (ICSI, ZIFT, GIFT) are called assisted reproductive technology (ART) techniques. The types of ART include: In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) Zygote Intrafallopian Transfer (ZIFT) Another ART procedure – Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) – is used mainly in cases of male infertility to treat couples who cannot achieve fertilization due to the male partner’s extremely low number of normal, viable sperm. Peripheral organ The hypothalamus-pituitary axis may be interrupted by hormonally active peripheral tumors or other exogenous factors, due to cortical excess, cortical deficiency, or estrogen excess. Normal Pregnancies Resulting from Testicular Sperm Extraction and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection for Azoospermia Due to Maturation Arrest. (PDF, 6 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1996. But as it turns out, we men don't get off that easily. Less common factors The following other factors may also be responsible for infertility in a smaller proportion of cases: • Genetic abnormalities within eggs, sperm or both • An abnormal uterine cavity, including the presence of fibroids or polyps • Immunological infertility, whereby either the male or female partner produces anti-bodies against sperm cells or implantation of an embryo • Abnormal cervical mucus which hinders the passage of sperm to the uterus and fallopian tubes Unexplained infertility Even when investigations have been extensive, some couples will have no reason with which to explain their infertility. 8 Evaluation of Men Jump to section + Causes of male infertility include infection, injury, toxin exposures, anatomic variances, chromosomal abnormalities, systemic diseases, and sperm antibodies.