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It was broken down into male and female categories. Requirements for Female Fertility (Continued) Other requirements for female fertility include: Adequate sexual drive and sexual function to permit coitus.

You have never had a period, or periods suddenly stop. Some women are infertile because their ovaries do not mature and release eggs. Tourism[edit] Fertility tourism is the practice of traveling to another country for fertility treatments.[68] It may be regarded as a form of medical tourism. ZIFT is often called “tubal embryo transfer.” As with IVF, the actual fertilization of the eggs is observed and confirmed in the laboratory.

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Understanding what defines normal fertility is crucial to helping a person, or couple, know when it is time to seek help. Enzymatic Digestion of Testicular Tissue May Rescue the Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Cycle in Some Patients with Non-obstructive Azoospermia. (PDF, 66 KB) Human Reproduction, 1998. Drugs used for both women and men[67] include clomiphene citrate, human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analogues, aromatase inhibitors, and metformin. This includes injuries to the testicles, epididymides, prostate, or the urethra.

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Hjollund NH, Storgaard L, Ernst E, Bonde JP, Olsen J. Affected individuals displayed more severe forms of infertility such as azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia.[27] Other causes[edit] Factors that can cause male as well as female infertility are: DNA damage DNA damage reduces fertility in female ovocytes, as caused by smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as radiation or chemotherapy)[29] or accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine[30] DNA damage reduces fertility in male sperm, as caused by oxidative DNA damage,[31] smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as drugs or chemotherapy)[32] or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen species, fever or high testicular temperature.[33] The damaged DNA related to infertility manifests itself by the increased susceptibility to denaturation inducible by heat or acid [34] or by the presence of double-strand breaks that can be detected by the TUNEL assay.[35] General factors Diabetes mellitus,[36][37] thyroid disorders,[38] undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease,[39][40][41][42] adrenal disease[43] Hypothalamic-pituitary factors Hyperprolactinemia Hypopituitarism The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is associated with an increased risk of unexplained subfertility with an odds ratio of 1.

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Chromosomal defects Hereditary disorders, such as Klinefelter’s syndrome (when a male is born with two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome instead of one X and one Y) impacts the normal development of the male reproductive organs. Genetic karyotyping, if a recurrent miscarriage is a problem. Females[edit] The following causes of infertility may only be found in females. Infertility, on the other hand, is the inability to successfully carry a baby to term and give birth; i.e., conception is feasible but the pregnancy cannot be completed. A varicocele is like a varicose vein that can appear in the leg. Y Chromosome Deletions in Azoospermic and Severely Oligozoospermic Men Undergoing Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection after Testicular Sperm Extraction. (PDF, 336 KB) Human Reproduction, 1998. If GnRH is not secreted, the pituitary does not release LH and FSH. If natural selection is the primary error correction mechanism that prevents random mutations on the Y chromosome, then fertility treatments for men with abnormal sperm (in particular ICSI) only defer the underlying problem to the next male generation.


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See also
Infertility Old Age
Lesson Plans on Infertility
Infertility Family Medicine