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Other tests include: ovarian reserve testing, to find out how effective the eggs are after ovulation genetic testing, to see if a genetic abnormality is interfering with fertility pelvic ultrasound, to produce an image of the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries Chlamydia test, which may indicate the need for antibiotic treatment thyroid function test, as this may affect the hormonal balance Complications Some complications can result from infertility and its treatment. IUI treatment, where the sperm is transferred into the uterus via the cervix, is commonly used in cases of low sperm count or quality. And about 15% of infertile men have normal semen and plenty of normal sperm. The first transatlantic surgery (Lindbergh operation) ever performed was a laparoscopic gallbladder removal. There are also a number of sperm production problems that can contribute to infertility, including: Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles)  Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles) are swollen veins causing your testicles to get hotter and affect the production of sperm  These are treated with surgery  Testicular injury   Serious trauma to the testicles such as becoming twisted (torsion) can affect sperm production  Damage from playing sports or an accident can rupture the vessels that supply blood to the testicles  Previous injuries can’t be treated, but an ART treatment may help you to conceive Undescended testicles  In the uterus, baby boys’ testicles form in their abdomen and descend into their scrotum shortly before birth  Some men’s testicles don’t descend before they are born (cryptorchidism), although in these cases they usually drop in the first six months after birth  If left untreated, undescended testicles can affect fertility Testicular cancer  This happens when a malignant tumour in the testicle destroys testicular tissue  If undetected, testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body  This is treated either by surgery, medication, radiotherapy or chemotherapy  However, cancer therapy can also damage sperm production  Genetic defects  Sometimes, genetic information on the Y chromosome (which is only present in men) is deleted (micro-deletions),6 which can reduce the production of sperm  Depending on where the micro-deletion is on the chromosome, this may be treated by surgically extracting sperm from part of your reproductive tract  However, some couples may need to consider using a donor sperm to conceive Mumps Contracting mumps (or mumps-related orchitis) after puberty may damage the sperm-producing cells in your testicles,  causing infertility or subfertility7 Usually, only one testicle is affected and if you have one functioning testicle you may not need treatment  However, some couples may need to use a sperm donor in order to conceive Anti-sperm antibodies  Anti-sperm antibodies are large proteins in your blood that are hostile to sperm  They can cause sperm to clump together and prevent them from swimming, or they may mistake sperm cells for an infection and try to destroy them  This can be treated using an ART treatment   Lifestyle   Sperm production can be affected by a range of lifestyle factors, including smoking, drinking, drugs, stress, overweight and unhealthy food Environmental factors can also affect your sperm quality, including overheating of your testicles, some sexual lubricants, the chemicals involved in certain manufacturing, painting or printing jobs   These factors are treated by making lifestyle changes, such as wearing loose clothing to avoid overheating Hormonal problems  Hormonal problems are rarely the cause of male infertility problems  However, some men have a natural deficiency in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH), which prevents the testicles from producing testosterone or developing healthy sperm  Hormonal problems can usually be treated with medication Obstruction problems Blocked sperm ducts  Occasionally, male sperm ducts (epididymis and vas deferens) can become blocked, meaning that your semen doesn’t contain any sperm  This can be treated with surgery, or sperm may be surgically extracted from part of your reproductive tract  Vasectomy  Some men have had a previous vasectomy to stop them being able to conceive  This can sometimes be reversed using surgery  The procedure’s success depends on how long ago your vasectomy was performed  Previous infections  Infections can cause scarring or adhesions (organs sticking together) in your sperm ducts  This can usually be treated with surgery  Does age affect male fertility?

Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED), ... Also, polymorphisms in folate pathway genes could be one reason for fertility complications in some women with unexplained infertility.[62] However, a growing body of evidence suggests that epigenetic modifications in sperm may be partially responsible.[63][64] Diagnosis[edit] If both partners are young and healthy and have been trying to conceive for one year without success, a visit to a physician or women's health nurse practitioner (WHNP) could help to highlight potential medical problems earlier rather than later. Sperm production problems One of the most common causes of male infertility is problems with sperm production. Choice of infertility treatment often related to issues of efficacy, cost, ease of use or administration, and its side effects.

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The Relationship of Abnormal Semen Parameters to Male Fertility. (PDF, 4 MB) Human Reproduction, 1989. Inhibin B levels have been reported to decrease with increasing weight, which results in decreased Sertoli cells and sperm production. Treatment[edit] Treatment depends on the cause of infertility, but may include counselling, fertility treatments, which include in vitro fertilization. In this case synthetic FSH by injection or Clomid (Clomiphene citrate) via a pill can be given to stimulate follicles to mature in the ovaries.

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Hence the ability to conceive a normal pregnancy decreases from when a woman is in her early 30s into her 40s. M. genitalium infection is associated with increased risk of infertility.[25][26] Genetic[edit] A Robertsonian translocation in either partner may cause recurrent spontaneous abortions or complete infertility.[citation needed] Mutations to NR5A1 gene encoding Steroidogenic Factor-1 (SF-1) have been found in a small subset of men with non-obstructive male factor infertility where the cause is unknown.

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Evaluation of cervical mucus is unreliable; therefore, investigation is not helpful with the management of infertility. This is where no cause can be identified in either the woman or man. Some causes are more common in some countries than others, such as pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID) and sexually transmitted infections (STI) in Africa [10]. Obesity and increased risk for oligozoospermia and azoospermia. IUI is more commonly done when the man has a low sperm count, decreased sperm motility, or when infertility does not have an identifiable cause. Treatment of Female Infertility: Ovulation Induction Agents The main agents used for the induction of ovulation include: Clomiphene citrate is an orally active, nonsteroidal agent structurally similar to estrogen. The couple should have sex at least every two days between the 10th and 18th day after the woman starts her period. If your cycles are infrequent or irregular, your doctor will examine you and perform the appropriate testing to discover which problem you may have and present the appropriate treatment options. Some men respond with an increase in testosterone levels; many also recover normal sperm counts. Sperm counts can fluctuate, so that several samples may be necessary.