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The hypothalamus, the primary integration center, responds to various signals from the central nervous system (CNS), pituitary gland, and testicles to secrete gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) in a pulsatile pattern approximately every 70-90 minutes. Apparent Fertility of Human Spermatozoa from the Caput Epididymidis. (PDF, 4 MB) Journal of Andrology, 1989.

Patients with a high number of immature sperm should be evaluated for excessive exposure to heat or radiation or for infectious processes. The ordered sequence of release is important for appropriate functioning. Evaluation may be initiated sooner in patients who have risk factors for infertility or if the female partner is older than 35 years. LH mainly functions to stimulate testosterone secretion from the Leydig cells of the testicle, while FSH stimulates Sertoli cells to facilitate germ cell differentiation.

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IVF and related techniques (ICSI, ZIFT, GIFT) are called assisted reproductive technology (ART) techniques. Medications Testosterone replacement therapy, long-term anabolic steroid use, cancer medications (chemotherapy), certain antifungal medications, some ulcer drugs and certain other medications can impair sperm production and decrease male fertility. Check out our online medical courses and start now for free! It was usual practice to talk about infertility in those cases where three or more pregnancy losses had occurred. Tubal occlusion A tubal occlusion means there is a blockage in the fallopian tube. Studies show that the IUI is most successful when it is coupled with fertility drugs to enhance ovulation, with success rates between 5% and 20% per cycle.

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This seems to result in a significant improvement in fertility, although some studies disagree. The use of aromatase inhibitors for ovulation induction in premenopausal women is controversial due to the possibility of fetal toxicity and fetal malformations raised by one abstract. [172] However, 2 subsequent publications have shown no evidence of fetal malformations with the letrozole and no difference in birthweight compared with spontaneous conceptions. [173, 174] Furthermore, based on the half-life of each drug, administration in the early follicular phase should result in clearance of the aromatase inhibitors before implantation takes place.

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Experts differ as to when genetic tests should be done. Ideally, using strict morphology criteria, a minimum of 5 – 15% normal forms leads to a better ability for sperm to fertilize the egg. Prolactin inhibits the production of GnRH from the hypothalamus and LH and FSH from the pituitary. However, early referral of infertile couples to a dedicated specialist infertility clinic may be indicated to increase their chance of pregnancy (Table ). In 30% of all cases, the cause is in both partners: combined sterility. The results of these tests help determine the best fertility treatment. Medications Testosterone replacement therapy, long-term anabolic steroid use, cancer medications (chemotherapy), certain antifungal medications, some ulcer drugs and certain other medications can impair sperm production and decrease male fertility. Wie bei Oath zeigen Ihnen unsere Partner eventuell auch Werbung, von der sie annehmen, dass sie Ihren Interessen entspricht. It is also non-flammable, which is important because electrosurgical devices are commonly used in laparoscopic procedures.[3] Procedures[edit] Surgeons perform laparoscopic stomach surgery. Low sperm mobility (motility): The sperm cannot "swim" as well as they should to reach the egg.