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48 However, there is no firm evidence that preconception counseling leads to increased live birth rates, in part because no studies on this topic have been performed. 2. serum progesterone in the mid-luteal phase of their cycle (day 21 of a 28-day cycle) even if they have regular menstrual cycles. 2) Medications to induce egg development and ovulation: The medications that help stimulate the ovary to develop mature eggs for ovulation come in two forms: pills taken by mouth and injections. Carcinoma in the Bladder Left Behind. (PDF, 3 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1973. Unhealthy living and poor eating habits, as well as exposure to toxic substances such as alcohol, tobacco and other contaminants, also have a negative impact on fertility.

Other considerations include preconception screening and vaccination for preventable diseases such as rubella and varicella, sexually transmitted infections, and cervical cancer, based on appropriate guidelines and risk. Sperm counts can fluctuate, so that several samples may be necessary. If the obstruction is caused by salpingitis isthmica nodosa or fibrosis, the best results are achieved through IVF. [142] Surgical preparation for IVF While the surgeon should be as conservative as possible, he or she should consider that the patient is better served with a single well-functioning fallopian tube than with 2 defective tubes, which elicits an increased risk for ectopic pregnancy or recurrence of pelvic adhesions. If the obstruction is caused by salpingitis isthmica nodosa or fibrosis, the best results are achieved through IVF. [142] Surgical preparation for IVF While the surgeon should be as conservative as possible, he or she should consider that the patient is better served with a single well-functioning fallopian tube than with 2 defective tubes, which elicits an increased risk for ectopic pregnancy or recurrence of pelvic adhesions.

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Afterward, the embryo transfer follows with a sterile special catheter into the cavum uteri. Primary vs. secondary infertility[edit] Primary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least 12 months, during which they have not used any contraceptives.[14] The World Health Organisation also adds that 'women whose pregnancy spontaneously miscarries, or whose pregnancy results in a still born child, without ever having had a live birth would present with primarily infertility'.[15] Secondary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least 12 months since their last live birth, during which they did not use any contraceptives.[15] Thus the distinguishing feature is whether or not the couple have ever had a pregnancy which led to a live birth. Medications, treatments, and drugs Some drugs can affect fertility in a woman. Fertility treatments for men Treatment will depend on the underlying cause of the infertility. A karyotype test and a Y chromosome test for microdeletions are indicated in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia or severe oligospermia (< 5 million sperm/mL), although indications are expanding.[20] Klinefelter syndrome Klinefelter syndrome is the most common chromosomal cause of male infertility, estimated to be present in 1 per 500-1000 male births.

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Semen and sperm Sometimes the sperm cannot travel effectively to meet the egg. DEFINITION OF TERMS Source : Endometriosis & infertility PPT Presentation Summary : Fertility Issues. Successful Vitrification of Bovine and Human Ovarian Tissue. (PDF, 3 MB) Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 2009. Histologic endometrial dating is not considered reliable nor is it predictive of fertility.

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Physical Problems A variety of physical problems can cause male infertility.  These problems either interfere with the sperm production process or disrupt the pathway down which sperm travel from the testes to the tip of the penis.  These problems are usually characterized by a low sperm count and/or abnormal sperm morphology.  The following is a list of the most common physical problems that cause male infertility: Variocoele: A varicocele is an enlargement of the internal spermatic veins that drain blood from the testicle to the abdomen (back to the heart) and are present in 15% of the general male population and 40% of infertile men.  These images show what a variocoele looks like externally and internally.  A varicocele develops when the one way valves in these spermatic veins are damaged causing an abnormal back flow of blood from the abdomen into the scrotum creating a hostile environment for sperm development.  Varicocoeles may cause reduced sperm count and abnormal sperm morphology which cause infertility.  Variococles can usually be diagnosed by a physical examination of the scrotum which can be aided by the Doppler stethoscope and scrotal ultrasound.  Varicocoele can be treated in many ways (see treatment section), but the most successful treatments involve corrective surgery. Hyperprolactinemia: If prolactin levels are high, and the woman is not pregnant or breastfeeding, it may affect ovulation and fertility. Epididymal Surgery. (PDF, 8 MB) Chapter 8 from textbook, Infertility, 1992. Thus women whose pregnancy spontaneously miscarries, or whose pregnancy results in a still born child, without ever having had a live birth would present with primarily infertility. (Trends in prevalence4). A history and physical examination can help direct the evaluation. The fertilized embryo is then transferred to womb.