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Patients with hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism must be treated accordingly. [210, 211] Weight reduction should be part of the treatment because it helps the patient's response to ovulation induction. [212] Treatment of Male Factors Asthenospermia associated with varicocele is treated surgically with varicocelectomy or with embolization of the spermatic veins. Cervical surgery can sometimes cause scarring or shortening of the cervix.

Secondary spermatocytes contain smaller nuclei with fine chromatin. In the United States, around 10 percent of women aged 15 to 44 years are estimated to have difficulty conceiving or staying pregnant. Treatment of Cervical Factors Chronic cervicitis may be treated with antibiotics.

Here are Some More Resources on Causes and Treatment of Female Infertility

Here are Some More Resources on Causes and Treatment of Female Infertility

Other causes include Y chromosome microdeletion, a depletion of chromosome material that impedes or severely decreases spermatozoa production. Endometriosis: Cells that normally occur within the lining of the uterus start growing elsewhere in the body. The physician or WHNP may also suggest using a conception cap cervical cap, which the patient uses at home by placing the sperm inside the cap and putting the conception device on the cervix, or intrauterine insemination (IUI), in which the doctor or WHNP introduces sperm into the uterus during ovulation, via a catheter. It could be caused by a tumour, taking illegal drugs, or Klinefelter syndrome, a rare syndrome where a man is born with an extra female chromosome. In addition to the alteration of menstrual periods and infertility, chronic anovulation can cause or exacerbate other long term problems, such as hyperandrogenism or osteopenia. In humans, infertility is the inability to become pregnant after one year of intercourse without contraception involving a male and female partner.[2] There are many causes of infertility, including some that medical intervention can treat.[3] Estimates from 1997 suggest that worldwide about five percent of all heterosexual couples have an unresolved problem with infertility.

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A karyotype test and a Y chromosome test for microdeletions are indicated in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia or severe oligospermia (< 5 million sperm/mL), although indications are expanding.[20] Klinefelter syndrome Klinefelter syndrome is the most common chromosomal cause of male infertility, estimated to be present in 1 per 500-1000 male births. In some cases, the reproductive urologist can improve semen function by recommending certain lifestyle changes, by hormonal treatments, or by surgery.

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Intrauterine insemination (IUI.)At the time of ovulation, sperm are injected directly up into the uterus. Unexplained infertility[edit] In the US, up to 20% of infertile couples have unexplained infertility.[61] In these cases abnormalities are likely to be present but not detected by current methods. It is a new opportunity, not only for partners with lack of gamets, but also for homosexuals and single people who wants to have offspring. WHO categorizes ovulatory disorders into three groups: group I is caused by hypothalamic pituitary failure (10%), group II results from dysfunction of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis (85%), and group III is caused by ovarian failure (5%). 6,28 Additionally, postcoital testing of cervical mucus is no longer recommended because it does not affect clinical management or predict the inability to conceive. If the epididymis is blocked, sperm may not be ejaculated properly. The treating doctor may feel inadequacy and the trust between the doctor and patient breaks down [43]. The dynamics of stress in fertile and infertile couples.