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An ultrasound scan can detect an ectopic pregnancy. A low testosterone level with a low FSH level signals a secondary cause.

Understanding the normal reproductive process is essential in knowing when to seek help. Affected individuals displayed more severe forms of infertility such as azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia.[27] Other causes[edit] Factors that can cause male as well as female infertility are: DNA damage DNA damage reduces fertility in female ovocytes, as caused by smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as radiation or chemotherapy)[29] or accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine[30] DNA damage reduces fertility in male sperm, as caused by oxidative DNA damage,[31] smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as drugs or chemotherapy)[32] or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen species, fever or high testicular temperature.[33] The damaged DNA related to infertility manifests itself by the increased susceptibility to denaturation inducible by heat or acid [34] or by the presence of double-strand breaks that can be detected by the TUNEL assay.[35] General factors Diabetes mellitus,[36][37] thyroid disorders,[38] undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease,[39][40][41][42] adrenal disease[43] Hypothalamic-pituitary factors Hyperprolactinemia Hypopituitarism The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is associated with an increased risk of unexplained subfertility with an odds ratio of 1. View Media Gallery FSH and LH, glycopeptides with a molecular weight of 10,000 Daltons, are each composed of an alpha chain that is identical to that of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), but with a beta chain that is unique for each. Alcohol: Any amount of alcohol consumption can affect the chances of conceiving.

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Effectiveness of the postcoital test: randomised controlled trial. Cervical surgery can sometimes cause scarring or shortening of the cervix.

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The Disappearing Y Chromosome – “I Told You So!” (PDF, 266 KB) Human Reproduction, 1997. No consensus exists as to whether the medical treatment should precede surgery or vice versa. [154, 155, 156] Those who prefer medical treatment first argue that the size of the endometriosis decreases; therefore, surgery will be easier and shorter. Evaluation of the uterus and fallopian tubes can be performed by hysterosalpingography in women with no risk of obstruction. Moderate ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is characterized by ovarian enlargement (5-12 cm in diameter) moderate ascites, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, and weight gain greater than 10 lb.

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The views expressed in this material are those of the authors, and do not reflect the official policy or position of the U. If the E2 level is below 100 pc/mL and the sonogram shows small follicular development, hMG is increased to 150 IU/day for an additional 5 days. It is increasingly recognized that egg quality is of critical importance and women of advanced maternal age have eggs of reduced capacity for normal and successful fertilization. If stem cells remain viable after radiation therapy, patients may regain fertility within several years. Other conditions Various other lesions and diseases, such as CNS tumors, temporal lobe seizures, and many drugs (eg, dopamine antagonists) may interrupt the hypothalamic-pituitary axis at the hypothalamus. They can interfere with implantation or block the fallopian tube, preventing sperm from fertilizing the egg. Factors Affecting Fertility (Continued) Various toxic agents, smoking and alcohol may contribute to fertility problems. Nevertheless, scientists have found these stem cells, which may generate new oocites in postnatal conditions. Women attempting pregnancy at age 40 or older have a 50% decreased fertility rate and a two-fold to three-fold increased risk of spontaneous abortion compared with younger women. Human chorionic gonadotropin (Ovidrel, Pregnyl): Used together with clomiphene, hMG, and FSH, this can stimulate the follicle to ovulate.