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Computer-aided semen analysis (CASA) Introduced in the late 1980s, CASA uses a video camera and computer to visualize and analyze sperm concentration and movement. Continued First, sperm are collected either from ejaculated semen or by a needle from the testicle.

Women receiving fertility treatment have a slightly higher risk of an ectopic pregnancy. The Prevention of Acute Tubular Necrosis in Renal Transplantation by Chronic Salt Loading of the Recipient. (PDF, 627 KB) ANZ Journal of Surgery, 1974. It can also help if a man has severe erectile dysfunction. Medicines and drugs Certain types of medicines can sometimes cause infertility problems. But it may actually point to an underlying condition, such as endometriosis or pelvic inflammatory disease. These are agents that support the follicular maturation and the secretion of gonadotropins.

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Some women have bilateral tubal occlusion, which is when both tubes are blocked. Because 85% of couples conceive spontaneously within 12 months if having intercourse regularly,5 it is important to identify those who will benefit from infertility evaluation. However, a survey has suggested that the 3 days most likely to offer a fertile window are the 2 days before ovulation plus the 1 day of ovulation. It also shows if there are any abnormalities in the uterine cavity, such as polyps or submucous fibroids; or abnormalities of the tubes, such as evidence of salpingitis. ART includes all fertility treatments in which both eggs and sperm are manipulated. The Use of Epididymal Sperm in Assisted Reproduction. (PDF, 8 MB) Chapter from textbook, Frontiers in Endocrinology: Perspectives on Assisted Reproduction, 1994.

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Although CASA produces good qualitative data, it is a labor-intensive procedure with a high initial cost and is plagued with inaccuracies when sperm concentrations are very high or very low. Povey AC, Clyma JA, McNamee R, et al.; Participating Centres of Chaps-UK. Sterility is the inability to conceive after two years of regular intercourse. Optimal sperm conditions Although only one sperm is needed to fertilise your partner’s egg, the enzymes from multiple sperm are needed to break down the egg’s protective barrier. Semen and sperm Sometimes the sperm cannot travel effectively to meet the egg.

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Microcirugía y fertilición in vitro para la azoospermia obstructiva. (PDF, 5 MB) Chapter 14 from textbook, Avances en reproducción asistida, 1992. Luciano AA, Peluso J, Koch EI, Maier D, Kuslis S, Davison E. The Varicocele Dilemma. (PDF, 139 KB) Human Reproduction, 2001. There are also a number of sperm production problems that can contribute to infertility, including: Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles)  Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles) are swollen veins causing your testicles to get hotter and affect the production of sperm  These are treated with surgery  Testicular injury   Serious trauma to the testicles such as becoming twisted (torsion) can affect sperm production  Damage from playing sports or an accident can rupture the vessels that supply blood to the testicles  Previous injuries can’t be treated, but an ART treatment may help you to conceive Undescended testicles  In the uterus, baby boys’ testicles form in their abdomen and descend into their scrotum shortly before birth  Some men’s testicles don’t descend before they are born (cryptorchidism), although in these cases they usually drop in the first six months after birth  If left untreated, undescended testicles can affect fertility Testicular cancer  This happens when a malignant tumour in the testicle destroys testicular tissue  If undetected, testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body  This is treated either by surgery, medication, radiotherapy or chemotherapy  However, cancer therapy can also damage sperm production  Genetic defects  Sometimes, genetic information on the Y chromosome (which is only present in men) is deleted (micro-deletions),6 which can reduce the production of sperm  Depending on where the micro-deletion is on the chromosome, this may be treated by surgically extracting sperm from part of your reproductive tract  However, some couples may need to consider using a donor sperm to conceive Mumps Contracting mumps (or mumps-related orchitis) after puberty may damage the sperm-producing cells in your testicles,  causing infertility or subfertility7 Usually, only one testicle is affected and if you have one functioning testicle you may not need treatment  However, some couples may need to use a sperm donor in order to conceive Anti-sperm antibodies  Anti-sperm antibodies are large proteins in your blood that are hostile to sperm  They can cause sperm to clump together and prevent them from swimming, or they may mistake sperm cells for an infection and try to destroy them  This can be treated using an ART treatment   Lifestyle   Sperm production can be affected by a range of lifestyle factors, including smoking, drinking, drugs, stress, overweight and unhealthy food Environmental factors can also affect your sperm quality, including overheating of your testicles, some sexual lubricants, the chemicals involved in certain manufacturing, painting or printing jobs   These factors are treated by making lifestyle changes, such as wearing loose clothing to avoid overheating Hormonal problems  Hormonal problems are rarely the cause of male infertility problems  However, some men have a natural deficiency in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH), which prevents the testicles from producing testosterone or developing healthy sperm  Hormonal problems can usually be treated with medication Obstruction problems Blocked sperm ducts  Occasionally, male sperm ducts (epididymis and vas deferens) can become blocked, meaning that your semen doesn’t contain any sperm  This can be treated with surgery, or sperm may be surgically extracted from part of your reproductive tract  Vasectomy  Some men have had a previous vasectomy to stop them being able to conceive  This can sometimes be reversed using surgery  The procedure’s success depends on how long ago your vasectomy was performed  Previous infections  Infections can cause scarring or adhesions (organs sticking together) in your sperm ducts  This can usually be treated with surgery  Does age affect male fertility?