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This diagnosis is therefore shared by 15% of couples attempting to conceive. Other hormones including inhibin B and leptin, may also be affected by obesity. Factors contributing to the formation of antisperm antibodies in women are disturbance of normal immunoregulatory mechanisms, infection, violation of the integrity of the mucous membranes, rape and unprotected oral or anal sex. If a semen analysis is found to be abnormal, generally it is first repeated to confirm the abnormality.

Reduced secretion of cervical mucus due to destruction of the endocervical glands by previous cervical conization, freezing, or laser vaporization responds poorly to low-dose estrogen therapy. Microsurgical Reversal of Tubal Sterilization: Factors Affecting Pregnancy Rate, with Long-term Follow-up. (PDF, 2 MB) Obstetrics & Gynecology, 1984. Primary infertility refers to cases in which no pregnancy has gone satisfactorily full term. This process has revolutionized assisted reproductive technology and the way reproductive endocrinologists can help people in having a baby. United Kingdom[edit] In the UK, previous NICE guidelines defined infertility as failure to conceive after regular unprotected sexual intercourse for two years in the absence of known reproductive pathology.[11] Updated NICE guidelines do not include a specific definition, but recommend that "A woman of reproductive age who has not conceived after 1 year of unprotected vaginal sexual intercourse, in the absence of any known cause of infertility, should be offered further clinical assessment and investigation along with her partner, with earlier referral to a specialist if the woman is over 36 years of age."[12] Other definitions[edit] Researchers commonly base demographic studies on infertility prevalence on a five-year period.[13] Practical measurement problems, however, exist for any definition, because it is difficult to measure continuous exposure to the risk of pregnancy over a period of years.

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Management of the infertile couple: an evidence-based protocol. IUI with the partner’s sperm can be used as a potentially effective treatment for infertility in women under age of 45 except for cases with tubal blockage, very poor egg quality, ovarian failure and severe male factor infertility (very low sperm count or very poor sperm shape or mobility). Other causes may include: Genetic factors: A man should have an X and Y chromosome. Thankfully, even when the cause of infertility is not known, various fertility treatments can overcome the unknown road block that was preventing pregnancy and eventually lead to delivery of a healthy baby.

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Changes in virility, often governed by hormones, could indicate issues with fertility. Torsion: Is a common problem affecting fertility that is caused by a supportive tissue abnormality which allows the testes to twist inside the scrotum which is characterized by extreme swelling.  Torsion pinches the blood vessels that feed the testes shut which causes testicular damage.  If emergency surgery is not performed to untwist the testes, torsion can seriously impair fertility and cause permanent infertility if both testes twist. It is an approach to disseminate the recommended medical care of infertile couple to the practicing clinicians. First, ovarian stimulation takes place; therefore, the patient initially is pre-treated with GnRH-antagonists. Benign prostatic hyperplasia does not affect fertility.

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The procedure is performed 30-34 hours after the spontaneous LH surge or 36 hours after the administration of 10,000 U of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin). [110] The sperm is delivered into the endometrial cavity using an intrauterine insemination catheter. The fertilized egg is then placed back into the uterus. World Health Organization[edit] The World Health Organization defines infertility as follows:[10] United States[edit] One definition of infertility that is frequently used in the United States by reproductive endocrinologists, doctors who specialize in infertility, to consider a couple eligible for treatment is: a woman under 35 has not conceived after 12 months of contraceptive-free intercourse. The facilities available and the skills of personnel are the major determining factors for the success rate. Fertility: assessment and treatment for people with fertility problems.