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Do you have a family history of medical problems? Affected individuals displayed more severe forms of infertility such as azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia.[27] Other causes[edit] Factors that can cause male as well as female infertility are: DNA damage DNA damage reduces fertility in female ovocytes, as caused by smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as radiation or chemotherapy)[29] or accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine[30] DNA damage reduces fertility in male sperm, as caused by oxidative DNA damage,[31] smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as drugs or chemotherapy)[32] or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen species, fever or high testicular temperature.[33] The damaged DNA related to infertility manifests itself by the increased susceptibility to denaturation inducible by heat or acid [34] or by the presence of double-strand breaks that can be detected by the TUNEL assay.[35] General factors Diabetes mellitus,[36][37] thyroid disorders,[38] undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease,[39][40][41][42] adrenal disease[43] Hypothalamic-pituitary factors Hyperprolactinemia Hypopituitarism The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is associated with an increased risk of unexplained subfertility with an odds ratio of 1. Prevalence of Premature Ovarian Failure in Monozygotic and Dizygotic Twins. (PDF, 90 KB) Human Reproduction, 2007.

GnRH travels down the portal system to the anterior pituitary, located on a stalk in the sella turcica, to stimulate the release of the gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). A decreased testosterone level with an increased FSH level points to primary hypogonadism. Testicular neoplasia, commonly producing estrogen, usually causes infertility. For intrauterine insemination, in vitro fertilization, and intracytoplasmic sperm injection procedures, the removal of certain components of the ejaculate (ie, seminal fluid, excess cellular debris, leukocytes, morphologically abnormal sperm) with the retention of the motile fraction of sperm is desirable.

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The pregnancy rate fluctuates from 20-35%, and the expected ectopic pregnancy rate is as high as 20%. Human male infertility, the Y chromosome, and dinosaur extinction. (PDF, 1 MB) Middle East Fertility Society Journal, January 18, 2011.Table of contents Causes in men Causes in women Treatment Types Diagnosis Complications Outlook It may be that one partner cannot contribute to conception, or that a woman is unable to carry a pregnancy to full term. Algorithm for infertility evaluation. (ART = assisted reproductive technology.) Lifestyle Factors Jump to section + All couples should be counseled to abstain from tobacco use, limit alcohol consumption, and aim for a body mass index less than 30 kg per m2 to improve their chances of natural conception or using assisted reproductive technology. Factors Affecting Fertility: STIs and Other Infections Gonorrhea and chlamidia in women can cause cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease (PID); and in men, urethritis, epididymitis, and, possibly, accessory gland infection. Thankfully, even when the cause of infertility is not known, various fertility treatments can eventually lead to delivery of a healthy baby.

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According to the literature survey, the most common causes of infertility are: male factor [5,7-9,13-15] such as sperm abnormalities [9,13,15], female factor [7-9,14-16] such as ovulation dysfunction [7,8] and tubal pathology [7-9], combined male and female factors [7,9,14,15] and unexplained infertility; where no obvious cause could be detected [7-9]. Additionally, because insulin-like growth factor (IGF) has been shown to have an effect on semen quality, its role in varicocele pathology has been studied.[25] One study showed that IGF levels significantly increased after a varicocelectomy to levels that were no different than fertile controls, suggesting that varicocele-related infertility may involve IGF.[26] Varicoceles lead to an increased incidence of sperm immaturity, apoptosis, and necrosis with severe disturbances in meiotic segregation compared to fertile men without varicoceles, and these parameters generally improve after repair. Between 45 and 50 percent of cases are thought to stem from factors that affect the man. Painful or heavy periods Most women experience cramps with their periods. Carcinoma in the Bladder Left Behind. (PDF, 3 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1973. Additionally, transvaginal ultrasound affords the opportunity for your physician to assess the relative number of available eggs.

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The stimulation of follicular maturation is continued with HMG or FSH. Clean, Intermittent Self-catheterization in the Treatment of Urinary Tract Disease. (PDF, 2 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1972. With the fast progression in reproductive medicine and the experiences gained through infertility management, a wider range of treatment options have become available to infertile couples [17-19,21-26,31,36], (Appendix 4). 6,8 It is important for primary care physicians to be familiar with the workup and prognosis for infertile couples. Preliminary Tests of a New Reversible Male Contraceptive in Bush Dog, Speothos Venaticus: Open-ended Vasectomy and Microscopic Reversal. (PDF, 106 KB) Journal of Zoo and Wildlife, 2006. Testicular Sperm Extraction (TESE) and Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI) for Non-obstructive Azoospermia.(PDF, 1 MB) 10th World Congress on In Vitro Fertilization and Assisted Reproduction, 1997. Some methods may be used in concert with other methods. RE: The Impalpable Testis: A Rational Approach to Management. (PDF, 389 KB) The Journal of Urology, 1979. This pill generally is taken from menstrual cycle days 3 – 7. Calcification of the Seminal Vesicles and Vas Deferens in a Uremic Patient. (PDF, 3 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1971. Some personal habits are considered risk factors for infertility, such as excess alcohol intake [11] and cigarette smoking [12]. Also, parotitis o mumps associated with male infertility when it happens during adolescence. Varicoceles are repaired with surgery to block off the abnormal veins. Intracytoplasmic sperm injection[edit] ICSI technique is used in case of poor semen quality, low sperm count or failed fertilization attempts during prior IVF cycles. Using this small amount of FSH, the patient generally develops 1-2 follicles, decreasing the risk for multiple pregnancy and eliminating the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Luttjeboer F, Harada T, Hughes E, Johnson N, Lilford R, Mol BW.