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IVF was a major breakthrough because it allowed for successful pregnancies in women that were previous deemed permanently infertile, such as when the fallopian tubes are both markedly damaged. The sperm is washed in a fluid and the best specimens are selected. Primary vs. secondary infertility[edit] Primary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least 12 months, during which they have not used any contraceptives.[14] The World Health Organisation also adds that 'women whose pregnancy spontaneously miscarries, or whose pregnancy results in a still born child, without ever having had a live birth would present with primarily infertility'.[15] Secondary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least 12 months since their last live birth, during which they did not use any contraceptives.[15] Thus the distinguishing feature is whether or not the couple have ever had a pregnancy which led to a live birth. Obese women have a higher rate of recurrent, early miscarriage compared to non-obese women.

Additional risk factors may include smoking, alcohol use, obesity, and older age; however, the data are hampered by a lack of pregnancy-related outcomes. Limits were placed on language and human race as well. History-taking Couples with infertility problem should be interviewed separately as well as together, to bring out important facts that one partner might not wish to disclose to the other. Segmental dysplasia is defined as a vas deferens with at least 2 distinct sites of vasal obstruction.

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The Relationship of Abnormal Semen Values to Pregnancy Outcome. (PDF, 770 KB) Chapter 10 from textbook, 1992. It does not include procedures in which only sperm are manipulated, such as intrauterine insemination, or procedures in which a woman takes drugs only to stimulate egg production, without the intention of having eggs retrieved. For unknown reasons, as women age, egg numbers decrease at a rapid rate. Factors Affecting Fertility: Frequency of Intercourse Various factors may adversely affect fertility.

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Semen quality Semen is initially a coagulum that liquefies in 5-25 minutes due to prostatic enzymes. Obtaining morning levels of total testosterone (normal range = 240 to 950 ng per dL [8.

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8,46 Obesity impairs fertility and the response to fertility treatments, including in vitro fertilization; therefore, it is advisable to counsel patients who are obese to lose weight before conception or infertility treatments. Semen and sperm Sometimes the sperm cannot travel effectively to meet the egg. Allocation of medical resources that could be used elsewhere The legal status of embryos fertilized in vitro and not transferred in vivo. (See also beginning of pregnancy controversy). This can be made laparoscopically as well as sonographically. If you and your partner agree, extra embryos can be frozen and saved to use later. The following is a list of hormonal disorders which can disrupt male infertility: Hyperprolactinemia: Elevated prolactin--a hormone associated with nursing mothers, is found in 10 to 40 percent of infertile males.  Mild elevation of prolactin levels produces no symptoms, but greater elevations of the hormone reduces sperm production, reduces libido and may cause impotence.  This condition responds well to the drug Parlodel (bromocriptine). Fertilizing Capacity of Epididymal and Testicular Sperm using Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI). (PDF, 7 MB)Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 1995. 8-Mb Deletion in the Azoospermia Factor c Region. (PDF, 332 KB) Genomics, 2004. Depending on the therapeutic agent and the duration of treatment, endometriosis can be treated with oral contraceptives, progestins, androgens, or GnRH agonists. Let’s review some of the most common causes of infertility in women: Ovulation disorders  Ovulation disorders account for 25 percent of the cases of infertility in women. Further investigations Investigation of suspected tubal and uterine abnormalities: 1.