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Negative tests with immotile sperm in the cervical mucus suggest rare immunological causes of sterility. Other infectious diseases that may affect fertility include tuberculosis, toxoplasmosis, malaria, schistosomiasis and leprosy. S. women, or 6% of the married population 15 to 44 years of age, reported infertility, and 6. Image: “ICSI of marmoset oocytes after in vitro maturation.” by openi. Lifetime prevalence of infertility and infertility treatment in the UK: results from a population-based survey of reproduction. Affected individuals displayed more severe forms of infertility such as azoospermia and severe oligozoospermia.[27] Other causes[edit] Factors that can cause male as well as female infertility are: DNA damage DNA damage reduces fertility in female ovocytes, as caused by smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as radiation or chemotherapy)[29] or accumulation of the oxidative DNA damage 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine[30] DNA damage reduces fertility in male sperm, as caused by oxidative DNA damage,[31] smoking,[28] other xenobiotic DNA damaging agents (such as drugs or chemotherapy)[32] or other DNA damaging agents including reactive oxygen species, fever or high testicular temperature.[33] The damaged DNA related to infertility manifests itself by the increased susceptibility to denaturation inducible by heat or acid [34] or by the presence of double-strand breaks that can be detected by the TUNEL assay.[35] General factors Diabetes mellitus,[36][37] thyroid disorders,[38] undiagnosed and untreated coeliac disease,[39][40][41][42] adrenal disease[43] Hypothalamic-pituitary factors Hyperprolactinemia Hypopituitarism The presence of anti-thyroid antibodies is associated with an increased risk of unexplained subfertility with an odds ratio of 1.

A variety of disorders ranging from hormonal disturbances to physical problems, to psychological problems can cause male infertility.  Although many treatment options are now available, in many cases treatment will not work.  In many instances, male infertility is caused by testicular damage resulting in an inability of the testicle to produce sperm.  Once damaged, the testicle will not usually regain its sperm-making capabilities; this aspect of male infertility is analogous to menopause (though not natural like menopause) for women and cannot usually be treated.  Despite medicine�s limited ability to treat male infertility, many successful treatment options are available for its many causes.  Besides testicular damage, the main causes of male infertility are low sperm production and poor sperm quality.   The Causes of Male Infertility Male infertility has many causes--from hormonal imbalances, to physical problems, to psychological and/or behavioral problems.  Moreover, fertility reflects a man�s �overall� health.  Men who live a healthy lifestyle are more likely to produce healthy sperm.  The following list highlights some lifestyle choices that negatively impact male fertility--it is not all-inclusive: · Smoking--significantly decreases both sperm count and sperm cell motility. · Prolonged use of marijuana and other recreational drugs. · Chronic alcohol abuse. · Anabolic steroid use--causes testicular shrinkage and infertility. · Overly intense exercise--produces high levels of adrenal steroid hormones which cause a    testosterone deficiency resulting in infertility. · Inadequate vitamin C and Zinc in the diet. · Tight underwear--increases scrotal temperature which results in decreased sperm production. · Exposure to environmental hazards and toxins such as pesticides, lead, paint, radiation, radioactive   substances, mercury,  benzene, boron, and heavy metals · Malnutrition and anemia. · Excessive stress! History Infertility is a problem through out history, however increasing rates noticed. The first successful birth of a "test tube baby“, Louise Brown occurred in 1978 in Oldham General Hospital, U.

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Most often, the problem lies in the process of either making or moving thesperm. ART procedures, such as GIFT, IVF, and ICSI, also can be used in cases of male infertility. Ovulation disorders can be due to: Premature ovarian failure: The ovaries stop working before the age of 40 years.

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When the eggs are mature, your doctor collects them with a device called a vaginal ultrasound probe. Infection: Some infections, such as gonorrhea or inflammation of the testicles, can affect sperm production or sperm health or can cause scarring that blocks the passage of sperm. XX male (sex reversal syndrome) An XX karyotype is due to a crossover of the sex-determining region (SRY) of the Y chromosome (with the testis determining factor) to either the X chromosome or an autosome. Full history taking of both partners usually denotes the underlying problem [17-23], (Appendix 1).

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Your doctor will carry out a series of tests to diagnose what’s causing your fertility difficulties.  There are many reasons why you may have problems conceiving, including:  Your sperm does not have the concentration, motility or shape required to conceive Existing medical conditions that affect your fertility, such as issues with sperm production or duct obstructions  Your sperm may not be strong or healthy enough to fertilise your partner’s egg  As your partner gets older, her fertility quickly declines3 Depending on the cause, your doctor will recommend a treatment path for you. This page covers the possible causes of infertility in men and women. If resistant to the above, offer: - laparoscopic ovarian drilling, or, - ovulation induction via gonadotrophins. New Concepts in Operative Andrology: A Review. (PDF, 7 MB) International Journal of Andrology, 2000. Physical damage to the ovaries, or ovaries with multiple cysts, may affect their ability to function. Successful Vitrification of Bovine and Human Ovarian Tissue. (PDF, 3 MB) Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 2009. Weight loss in obese infertile women results in improvement in reproductive outcome for all forms of fertility treatment. ED may be the consequence of the conversion of androgens to estradiol. 41 Treatment of Unexplained Infertility Jump to section + Couples who have no identified cause of infertility should be counseled on timing of intercourse for the most fertile period (i.e., the six days preceding ovulation). This is an uncommon type of anovulation disorder. Veltman-Verhulst SM, Cohlen BJ, Hughes E, Heineman MJ. Pregnancy after Vasovasostomy for Vasectomy Reversal: A Study of Factors Followed for 10 Years. (PDF, 3 MB)Human Reproduction, 1989. Obesity may also lead to less frequent ovulation or to less frequent intercourse, thereby contributing to fertility problems. Laparoscopy is an operation performed in the abdomen or pelvis through small incisions, generally no more than a centimeter, with the assistance of a laparoscope attached to a camera which projects to a screen.