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Opinion: Microsurgical TESE and the Distribution of Spermatogenesis in Non-obstructive Azoospermia. (PDF, 5 MB)Human Reproduction, 2000. If an endocrinopathy, such as hyperprolactinemia, is diagnosed, the underlying cause should be treated.

Sertoli Cell only Revisited. (PDF, 1 MB) Human Reproduction, 1995. Epidemiological definition of infertility (for monitoring and surveillance) Women of reproductive age (15–49 years) at risk of becoming pregnant (not pregnant, sexually active, not using contraception and not lactating) who report trying unsuccessfully for a pregnancy for two years or more. (Reproductive Health Indicators) Infertility as a disability Disability: Infertility generates disability (an impairment of function), and thus access to health care falls under the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disability.

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Fertilization takes place outside the body, and the fertilized egg is reinserted into the woman's reproductive tract, in a procedure called embryo transfer. Heterologous or therapeutic insemination, formerly called artificial insemination by donor sperm, refers to the use of frozen sperm that has been quarantined for at least 6 months. [108] Thereafter, the specimen is ready to use once the donor has undergone the necessary screening tests required by the tissue bank, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM). [111] The source of the sperm can be either anonymous or from a donor designated by the couple. It must be kept in mind that a woman is no longer fertile around six years prior to the menopause. Abnormal sperm: The sperm may have an unusual shape, making it harder to move and fertilize an egg.

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For those that do not, infertility of either the male or female partner could be the reason. Before surgery, the HSG films and results of previous laparoscopies should be thoroughly reviewed to decide on the type of surgical technique that is required and to explain to the patient the expected degree of success and risks involved with the procedure. The likelihood of fertilization improves significantly for men with low sperm concentrations.

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Clark AM, Thornley B, Tomlinson L, Galletley C, Norman RJ. Laboratory testing – Depending on the results of the evaluation discussed above, your physician may request specific blood tests. Abundant Gene Conversion Between Arms of Palindromes in Human and Ape Y Chromosomes. (PDF, 340 KB)Nature, 2003. 6,8,23 A high FSH level (10 to 20 mIU per mL [10 to 20 IU per L]) drawn on day 3 of the menstrual cycle is associated with infertility. The incidence of congenital malformation in IVF babies ranges between 2% and 3% worldwide and is similar to that in babies conceived naturally [45]. Women in group III can conceive only with oocyte donation and in vitro fertilization. Overweight or obesity: This may reduce the chance of conceiving. Infertility is more likely in men who have had this condition. 40 Patients using these agents should be counseled about these risks. Alternatively, the patient may bypass surgical treatment and proceed directly to intrauterine insemination or in vitro fertilization, depending on the severity and the female partner's age.