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Open-ended Vasectomy, Sperm Granuloma, and Postvasectomy Orchialgia. (PDF, 13 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1979. A needle biopsy of the testicle can show whether a man is making healthy sperm. 17 Evaluation of male infertility starts with a history and physical examination focusing on previous fertility, pelvic or inguinal surgeries, systemic diseases, and exposures. Primary vs. secondary infertility[edit] Primary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least 12 months, during which they have not used any contraceptives.[14] The World Health Organisation also adds that 'women whose pregnancy spontaneously miscarries, or whose pregnancy results in a still born child, without ever having had a live birth would present with primarily infertility'.[15] Secondary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least 12 months since their last live birth, during which they did not use any contraceptives.[15] Thus the distinguishing feature is whether or not the couple have ever had a pregnancy which led to a live birth.

Quantitative Analysis of Testicle Biopsy: Determination of Partial Obstruction and Prediction of Sperm Count after Surgery for Obstruction. (PDF, 4 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1981. Nonfunctional pituitary tumors may compress the pituitary stalk or the gonadotropic cells, interrupting the proper chain of signals leading to pituitary failure. Generally, evaluation should be offered to couples who have not conceived after one year of unprotected vaginal intercourse.

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The fluid comes from the prostate gland, the seminal vesicle, and other sex glands. The Relationship of Abnormal Semen Values to Pregnancy Outcome. (PDF, 770 KB) Chapter 10 from textbook, 1992. Tubal occlusion A tubal occlusion means there is a blockage in the fallopian tube.

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No consensus exists as to whether the medical treatment should precede surgery or vice versa. [154, 155, 156] Those who prefer medical treatment first argue that the size of the endometriosis decreases; therefore, surgery will be easier and shorter. As sperm move from the head to the tail, they mature and acquire fertilization capacity.

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There are three main types of sperm antibodies: Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Immunoglobulin A (IgA) Immunoglobulin M(IgM). Bromocriptine and cabergoline are dopamine agonists used to suppress prolactin levels. Key to the diagnosis of male infertility is a semen analysis, which assesses primarily sperm numbers, sperm movement and sperm form. Once the fluid containing the eggs is removed from the follicles into the vials, they are handed to the embryologist who finds the eggs, places them in tiny droplets on a Petri dish, and then fertilizes the eggs using their partner’s or donor sperm. Hereditary causes: due to chromosome or genetic abnormalities. Ovulation induction and intrauterine insemination are used after completion of the treatment in hopes of expediting the establishment of a pregnancy before relapse of the disease. [39, 157, 158] Treatment of Ovarian Factors Ovulation induction is the appropriate treatment for infertile patients who have dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. He also developed a medical instrument company Wisap in Munich, Germany, which still produces various endoscopic instruments of high quality. Broekmans FJ, Kwee J, Hendriks DJ, Mol BW, Lambalk CB. Duration of Fertility after Fresh and Frozen Ovary Transplantation. (PDF, 606 KB) Fertility and Sterility, 2010. Fertility Evaluation: Obstetric and Gynecological History The obstetric and gynecological history should include: Reproductive history (children, mode of delivery, prematurity, stillbirth, extrauterine pregnancy, spontaneous and induced abortion, fertility and infertility in earlier relationships). Whether interventions before conception or early in pregnancy, such as resection of the rudimentary horn and prophylactic cervical cerclage, decidedly improve obstetrical outcomes is uncertain; however, current practice suggests that such interventions may be helpful. It usually involves treatment implication counselling, emotional support counselling, and therapeutic counselling [38,39].