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The most common of these tests include measurements of blood levels of certain hormones such as estradiol and FSH, which are related to ovarian function and overall egg numbers; TSH, which assesses thyroid function; and prolactin, a hormone that can affect menstrual function if elevated. Ovulation induction in polycystic ovary syndrome [published corrections appear in J Obstet Gynaecol Can.

38,39 Family physicians may choose to attempt ovulation induction in anovulatory women (WHO group II) with clomiphene. Exposure to toxic agents can occur from occupational hazards or contaminated air, water, food supply or other exposures.

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22 Treatment of Male Infertility Jump to section + Underlying etiology determines the therapeutic course, although male infertility is unexplained in 40% to 50% of cases. The procedure is performed 30-34 hours after the spontaneous LH surge or 36 hours after the administration of 10,000 U of hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin). [110] The sperm is delivered into the endometrial cavity using an intrauterine insemination catheter. In many cases, there are tests that can help find the cause(s) of male infertility. Structural abnormalities in the uterus: these can affect the cervix or the uterine corpus.  Anomalies can be anatomical (septate uterus, T-shaped uterus, etc.) or pathologies that generate embryo implantation issues or issues with how the pregnancy progresses: polyps, endometritis, Asherman's syndrome - synechiae or adherences of the walls of the uterine cavity - or myomas, a benign tumour that generates anatomical distortion and makes getting pregnant complicated (this is one of the most common pathologies but does not necessarily cause fertility issues). Outside pregnancy and lactation, women with high levels of prolactin may have irregular ovulation cycles and fertility problems.

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The effect of age upon men's fertility is less clear.[citation needed] In people going forward for IVF in the UK, roughly half of fertility problems with a diagnosed cause are due to problems with the man, and about half due to problems with the woman. Up to 2 percent of men are thought to have suboptimal sperm. An Azoospermic Man with a do novo Point Mutation in the Y-chromosome Gene USP9Y. (PDF, 381 KB) Nature Genetics, 1999. This procedure is performed in the doctor’s office without anesthesia. Histologic endometrial dating is not considered reliable nor is it predictive of fertility.

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Some physical effects may also result from treatment. More than 60% of sperm should be normal, and less than 2-3% should be immature. GIFT (gamete intrafallopian tube transfer) and ZIFT (zygote intrafallopian transfer).  Like IVF, these procedures involve retrieving an egg, combining it with sperm in a lab, and then transferring it back to your body. Abnormal semen may not be able to carry the sperm effectively. Some causes, such as hyperprolactinemia, are reversible with proper treatment. The medicalization of infertility has unwittingly led to a disregard for the emotional responses that couples experience, which include distress, loss of control, stigmatization, and a disruption in the developmental trajectory of adulthood.[16] Infertility may have psychological effects. Testicular Neoplasm in Father and Son. (PDF, 561 KB) The Journal of Urology, 1972. This situation can be related to the presence of other endocrine disorders such as hyperprolactinemia, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, adrenal tumors, Cushing syndrome, thyroid dysfunction, and extreme obesity. Microsurgery in Clinical Urology. (PDF, 5 MB) Urology, 1975. Lack of pregnancy Lack of pregnancy can be related to disruption of the cervical mucus, inadequate follicular development, presence of luteinized unruptured follicle syndrome, progesterone deficiency, and premature administration of hCG to trigger ovulation. 42 Urinary luteinizing hormone kits indicate the midcycle luteinizing hormone surge that precedes ovulation by one to two days. Kidney Transplantation in Inbred Rats. (PDF, 6 MB) The American Journal of Surgery, 1973. The laboratory evaluation begins with a semen analysis. World Health Organization reference values for human semen characteristics.