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Metabolic causes of infertility, other than in severely ill individuals, are rare. It is more successful in women who have previously been pregnant. Around 1/3 of infertility cases are caused by fertility problems in men4 1/3 of infertility cases are caused by fertility problems in women4 1/3 of infertility cases are caused by a mixture of male and female problems, or by problems that cannot be determined4 Infertility doesn’t necessarily mean that you won’t ever have children, but you may need the help of fertility treatment to conceive. 8 These studies are more sensitive and may delineate an abnormally formed uterus or structural problems, such as fibroids. Medicines and drugs Certain types of medicines can sometimes cause infertility problems.

40 Patients using these agents should be counseled about these risks. They can interfere with implantation or block the fallopian tube, preventing sperm from fertilizing the egg. For a woman to conceive, certain things have to happen: vaginal intercourse must take place around the time when an egg is released from her ovary; the system that produces eggs has to be working at optimum levels; and her hormones must be balanced.[54] For women, problems with fertilisation arise mainly from either structural problems in the Fallopian tube or uterus or problems releasing eggs. Quantitative Analysis of Testicle Biopsy: Determination of Partial Obstruction and Prediction of Sperm Count after Surgery for Obstruction. (PDF, 4 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1981. Vause TD, Cheung AP, Sierra S, et al.; Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada. However, it could be the future for the treatment of multiple diseases, including infertility.

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What’s on the Mind of IVF Consumers? (PDF, 627 KB) Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 2009. Get Permissions Email Alerts Don't miss a single issue.

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Although relatively uncommon, eating disorders can negatively affect menstruation, fertility, and maternal and fetal well-being. Risk factors for male infertility include obesity, age (over 40 -- yes, men also have biological clocks), current or previous infection of an STD, smoking, or excessive drinking. Spermiogenic defects may also be a cause of sterility.

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Its treatment depends on the etiologic factor, but, in many instances, the underlying cause remains unknown. Once again this may increase case lengths but costs are greatly reduced (ideal for developing countries) and widespread accidents of loose clips are eliminated.[citation needed] Gynecological diagnosis[edit] In gynecology, diagnostic laparoscopy may be used to inspect the outside of the uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes, as, for example, in the diagnosis of female infertility. There are also a number of sperm production problems that can contribute to infertility, including: Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles)  Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles) are swollen veins causing your testicles to get hotter and affect the production of sperm  These are treated with surgery  Testicular injury   Serious trauma to the testicles such as becoming twisted (torsion) can affect sperm production  Damage from playing sports or an accident can rupture the vessels that supply blood to the testicles  Previous injuries can’t be treated, but an ART treatment may help you to conceive Undescended testicles  In the uterus, baby boys’ testicles form in their abdomen and descend into their scrotum shortly before birth  Some men’s testicles don’t descend before they are born (cryptorchidism), although in these cases they usually drop in the first six months after birth  If left untreated, undescended testicles can affect fertility Testicular cancer  This happens when a malignant tumour in the testicle destroys testicular tissue  If undetected, testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body  This is treated either by surgery, medication, radiotherapy or chemotherapy  However, cancer therapy can also damage sperm production  Genetic defects  Sometimes, genetic information on the Y chromosome (which is only present in men) is deleted (micro-deletions),6 which can reduce the production of sperm  Depending on where the micro-deletion is on the chromosome, this may be treated by surgically extracting sperm from part of your reproductive tract  However, some couples may need to consider using a donor sperm to conceive Mumps Contracting mumps (or mumps-related orchitis) after puberty may damage the sperm-producing cells in your testicles,  causing infertility or subfertility7 Usually, only one testicle is affected and if you have one functioning testicle you may not need treatment  However, some couples may need to use a sperm donor in order to conceive Anti-sperm antibodies  Anti-sperm antibodies are large proteins in your blood that are hostile to sperm  They can cause sperm to clump together and prevent them from swimming, or they may mistake sperm cells for an infection and try to destroy them  This can be treated using an ART treatment   Lifestyle   Sperm production can be affected by a range of lifestyle factors, including smoking, drinking, drugs, stress, overweight and unhealthy food Environmental factors can also affect your sperm quality, including overheating of your testicles, some sexual lubricants, the chemicals involved in certain manufacturing, painting or printing jobs   These factors are treated by making lifestyle changes, such as wearing loose clothing to avoid overheating Hormonal problems  Hormonal problems are rarely the cause of male infertility problems  However, some men have a natural deficiency in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH), which prevents the testicles from producing testosterone or developing healthy sperm  Hormonal problems can usually be treated with medication Obstruction problems Blocked sperm ducts  Occasionally, male sperm ducts (epididymis and vas deferens) can become blocked, meaning that your semen doesn’t contain any sperm  This can be treated with surgery, or sperm may be surgically extracted from part of your reproductive tract  Vasectomy  Some men have had a previous vasectomy to stop them being able to conceive  This can sometimes be reversed using surgery  The procedure’s success depends on how long ago your vasectomy was performed  Previous infections  Infections can cause scarring or adhesions (organs sticking together) in your sperm ducts  This can usually be treated with surgery  Does age affect male fertility? The most common cause of male infertility is varicoceles. Exposure to toxic agents can occur from occupational hazards or contaminated air, water, food supply or other exposures. By clicking continue below and using our sites or applications, you agree that we and our third party advertisers can: transfer your personal data to the United States or other countries, and process your personal data to serve you with personalized ads, subject to your choices as described above and in our privacy policy.Table of contents Signs of infertility in women Signs of infertility in men Other risk factors Seeing a doctor Infertility affects both men and women. Most surgical treatment for endometriosis is currently performed through operative laparoscopy. [145, 146, 147] Laparotomy has been relegated to the treatment of severe disease or if a need for hysterectomy arises. [145] Medical treatment Medical treatment is directed toward suppressing estrogen production by the ovary. Surgical sperm aspiration: The sperm is removed from part of the male reproductive tract, such as the vas deferens, testicle, or epididymis. Semen and sperm Sometimes the sperm cannot travel effectively to meet the egg. Extra Renal Function in Patients with Duplication Anomaly: Obligatory and Compensatory Renal Growth. (PDF, 1 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1974. The use of Epididymal and Testicular Sperm for ICSI. (PDF, 1 MB) From IX World Congress on In Vitro Fertilization and Alternated Assisted Reproduction, 1995. Earn up to 6 CME credits per issue.     To see the full article, log in or purchase access. About 92 out of 100 couples who are trying to get pregnant do so within two years.[citation needed] Women become less fertile as they get older.