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Effects[edit] Psychological[edit] The consequences of infertility are manifold and can include societal repercussions and personal suffering. It has been suggested that infertility be classified as a form of disability.[22] Causes[edit] Immune infertility[edit] Antisperm antibodies (ASA) have been considered as infertility cause in around 10–30% of infertile couples.[23] In both men and women, ASA production are directed against surface antigens on sperm, which can interfere with sperm motility and transport through the female reproductive tract, inhibiting capacitation and acrosome reaction, impaired fertilization, influence on the implantation process, and impaired growth and development of the embryo. Changes in virility, often governed by hormones, could indicate issues with fertility. American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.

High-cost treatments are out of financial reach for some couples. This test is based on the fact that the ovaries produce progesterone in the second half of the menstrual cycle after a woman has ovulated. The physician or WHNP may also suggest using a conception cap cervical cap, which the patient uses at home by placing the sperm inside the cap and putting the conception device on the cervix, or intrauterine insemination (IUI), in which the doctor or WHNP introduces sperm into the uterus during ovulation, via a catheter. Causes in men The following are common causes of infertility in men. Your doctor may suggest that you take gonadotropin if you have unexplained infertility or when other kinds of treatment haven't helped you get pregnant.

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Previous pelvic surgeries involving the fallopian tubes can also increase your chances of infertility. Your doctor will determine if you are at risk of having endometriosis based on a careful history, physical exam, and ultrasound. The ideal response is one in which only 2-3 follicles develop.

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Damaged Sperm Ducts: Seven percent of infertile men cannot transport sperm from their testicles to out of their penis.  This pathway may be blocked by a number of conditions: · A genetic or developmental mistake may block or cause the absence of one or both tubes (which   transport the sperm from the testes to the penis). · Scarring from tuberculosis or some STDs may block the epididymis or tubes. · An elective or accidental vasectomy may interrupt tube continuity. Chemotherapy Chemotherapy is toxic to actively dividing cells. A doctor or WHNP takes a medical history and gives a physical examination.

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Testicular Neoplasm in Father and Son. (PDF, 561 KB) The Journal of Urology, 1972. Many infertile couples have had some previous assessment for their infertility and this data should be cautiously reviewed. Controversies in OB/GYN: Is Varicocelectomy Useful for Treatment of Male-factor Infertility? (PDF, 4 MB)Contemporary OB/GYN, 2001. Some causes, such as hyperprolactinemia, are reversible with proper treatment. Radiation therapy: This can impair sperm production. The majority of men with varicocele present no symptoms. Preliminary Tests of a New Reversible Male Contraceptive in Bush Dog, Speothos Venaticus: Open-ended Vasectomy and Microscopic Reversal. (PDF, 106 KB) Journal of Zoo and Wildlife, 2006. Transvaginal ultrasound – Ultrasound is an important tool in evaluating the structure of the uterus, tubes, and ovaries. A small ejaculate volume may be observed in patients with retrograde ejaculation, absence of the vas deferens or seminal vesicles, ductal obstruction, hypogonadotropism, or poor sympathetic response. There is still some controversy about their existence, but if the discoveries are true, this could mean a new treatment for infertility.[71] Stem cell therapy is really new, and everything is still under investigation.


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See also
Birth Control Shot Cause Infertility
International Infertility Counselling Organisation
National Infertility Awareness Campaign