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Mumps: If this occurs after puberty, inflammation of the testicles may affect sperm production. Prolonged anestrus may be congenital or acquired.

Intra-uterine insemination for male subfertility. Grading is as follows: Grade 0 – No movement Grade 1 – Sluggish movement Grade 2 – Slow movement in a poorly defined direction Grade 3 – Slow or curved forward movement Grade 4 – Fast movement straight forward  Patients with abnormal sperm motility should be evaluated for the following: Pyospermia Antisperm antibodies Varicocele Sperm ultrastructural abnormalities Partial ductal obstruction Sperm morphology The head, acrosome, mid piece, and tail of individual spermatozoa are analyzed with phase-contrast microscopy after fixation with Papanicolaou stain. Quantitative Evaluation of Spermatogenesis by Testicular Histology in Men with Congenital Absence of the Vas Deferens Undergoing Epididymal Sperm Aspiration. (PDF, 3 MB) Human Reproduction, 1990. It does not affect the couples' life only, but it also affects the healthcare services and social environment [4]. Patients with less than of 14% normal forms had a substantially reduced success rate.

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In-Vitro Fertilization (IVF) Image: “Assisted Reproductive Technology” by BruceBlaus. Radiation therapy: If this is aimed near the reproductive organs, it can increase the risk of fertility problems. Infertility and impaired fecundity in the United States, 1982–2010: data from the National Survey of Family Growth. It has been proven useful in overcoming infertility conditions, such as blocked or damaged tubes, endometriosis, repeated IUI failure, unexplained infertility, poor ovarian reserve, poor or even nil sperm count. According to ESHRE recommendations, couples with an estimated live birth rate of 40% or higher per year are encouraged to continue aiming for a spontaneous pregnancy.[66] Treatment methods for infertility may be grouped as medical or complementary and alternative treatments.

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These drugs also can also help you get pregnant by causing your ovaries to release multiple eggs. Tubal occlusion A tubal occlusion means there is a blockage in the fallopian tube. The ovum has a much shorter life expectancy – less than 1 day if it is not fertilized. Therefore, data estimating the prevalence of infertility cited by various sources differs significantly.[8] A couple that tries unsuccessfully to have a child after a certain period of time (often a short period, but definitions vary) is sometimes said to be subfertile, meaning less fertile than a typical couple. Infertility treatments are expensive and often not covered by insurance-this could deter lower Source : Demographic data evaluation.: fertility measures PPT Presentation Summary : COVENANT UNIVERSITY DEPT.

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The most common identifiable causes of female fertility problems are outlined below: • Ovulatory dysfunction, (or anovulation) where an egg is not released from the ovary every month, is the single most common cause of female infertility. Unexplained Even after a full fertility work-up, for one in five couples an exact cause of infertility cannot be determined. Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for poor semen quality: a case-referent study. Women attempting pregnancy at age 40 or older have a 50% decreased fertility rate and a two-fold to three-fold increased risk of spontaneous abortion compared with younger women. It is hoped that the standardized approach presented here will go some way towards countering this major problem.LINDSAY, MD, Saint Louis University Family Medicine Residency, Belleville, Illinois KIRSTEN R. Their cumulative probabilities of conception are 60% within the first 6 months, 84% within the first year, and 92% within the second year of regular fertility-focused sexual activity. Several studies have demonstrated that an increase in BMI is correlated with a decrease in sperm concentration, a decrease in motility and an increase DNA damage in sperm. Examples of such health issues include infections, endometriosis, and fibroids. 44 Therefore, a simple recommendation is for vaginal intercourse every two to three days to optimize the chance of pregnancy. Malformation of the eggs themselves may complicate conception. Hormonal Problems A small percentage of male infertility is caused by hormonal problems.  The hypothalamus-pituitary endocrine system regulates the chain of hormonal events that enables testes to produce and effectively disseminate sperm.  Several things can go wrong with the hypothalamus-pituitary endocrine system: · The brain can fail to release gonadotrophic-releasing hormone (GnRH) properly.  GnRH stimulates   the hormonal pathway that causes testosterone synthesis and sperm production.  A disruption in   GnRH release leads to a lack of testosterone and a cessation in sperm production. · The pituitary can fail to produce enough lutenizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone   (FSH) to stimulate the testes and testosterone/sperm production.  LH and FSH are intermediates   in the hormonal pathway responsible for testosterone and sperm production. · The testes� Leydig cells may not produce testosterone in response to LH stimulation. · A male may produce other hormones and chemical compounds which interfere with the   sex-hormone balance. Treatment of the cause: 27. Tubal and uterine factors: 1. In-vitro fertilization and donor insemination are major procedures involved. The corollary to this is that, by definition, failure to conceive in women under 35 isn't regarded with the same urgency as it is in those over 35. Factors contributing to the formation of antisperm antibodies in women are disturbance of normal immunoregulatory mechanisms, infection, violation of the integrity of the mucous membranes, rape and unprotected oral or anal sex. 5) Endometrial polyps: Endometrial polyps are finger-like growths in the uterine cavity arising from the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium, These abnormalities are rarely associated with cancer (<1% in a woman before menopause), but polyps are can decrease fertility by up to 50% according to some studies.