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Immunohistochemical stains are performed if more than 5-10 round cells/HPF are present.  Other tests Semen may be analyzed for levels of zinc, citric acid, acid phosphatase, and alpha-glucosidase. Furthermore, an immunological cause in the cervical mucus is possible. 2 or more - sperm concentration: 15 million spermatozoa per ml or more - total sperm number: 39 million spermatozoa per ejaculate or more - total motility: 40% or more motile or 32% or more with progressive motility - vitality: 58% or more live spermatozoa - sperm morphology (percentage of normal forms): 4% or more Basic Work-up for Infertility 13. Evidence of ovulation: 1. Ultrastructure of Human Sperm in Men with Congenital Absence of the Vas Deferens: Clinical Implications. (PDF, 2 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1992. Intrauterine insemination. For this procedure, after semen gets rinsed with a special solution, a doctor places it into your uterus when you're ovulating. Treatment of tubal obstruction generally requires referral for subspecialty care.

Microsurgical Reversal of Tubal Sterilization: Factors Affecting Pregnancy Rate, with Long-term Follow-up. (PDF, 2 MB) Obstetrics & Gynecology, 1984. Some causes are more common in some countries than others, such as pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID) and sexually transmitted infections (STI) in Africa [10]. Fertility: assessment and treatment for people with fertility problems.

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Efficacy of laparoscopy is inferior to open surgery in certain conditions such as pyloromyotomy for Infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis. 6) Male factors affecting sperm function: Male factor infertility has been associated as a contributing factor causing infertility in 40-50% percent of cases, and as the sole cause for infertility in 15-20% percent of cases. 389 KB ARTICLES FROM THE 1980s Microsurgical Reversal of Female Sterilization: The Role of Tubal Length. (PDF, 2 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1980. Microscopic Technique for Reversal of Vasectomy. (PDF, 3 MB) Surgery, gynecology & obstetrics, 1976. Assisted conception The following methods are currently available for assisted conception. Carcinoma in the Bladder Left Behind. (PDF, 3 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1973.

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Hysteroscopy is the inspection of the uterine cavity through the cervix by a hysteroscope attached to a camera which projects to a screen. The pulsatile nature of GnRH is essential to normal gonadotropin release; a continuous stimulation inhibits their secretion. For this reason, a call for low-cost ART protocols have been attempt to reduce the overall current cost of IVF through limiting the rquired laboratory investigations, modifying the stimulation regimen and purchasing low-priced pre-used machines and instruments [35]. Chemotherapy: Some types may significantly reduce sperm count.

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Serum LH determination is more precise, especially when performed in combination with pelvic ultrasonography. 8 Counseling on lifestyle modifications is reasonable because exposures to tobacco and alcohol are associated with lower rates of fertility. After stimulation, the physician surgically extracts one or more eggs from the ovary, and unites them with sperm in a laboratory setting, with the intent of producing one or more embryos. There's a link between increased temperature of the scrotum and reduced semen quality, but it's uncertain whether wearing loose-fitting underwear improves fertility.  Testicles The testicles produce and store sperm. If a woman has cycles at intervals of greater than 35 days, it may indicate that she is not ovulating an egg predictably, or even at all. Injuries to the bowel can cause a delayed peritonitis. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs): Long-term use of aspirin or ibuprofen may make it harder to conceive. The sperm can either be mixed with the eggs to allow normal fertilization (conventional insemination) or by injecting one sperm into each mature egg (ICSI). Once the follicles (fluid filled sacs containing the eggs) reach a mature size, an HCG injection is administered which leads to final development and maturation of the eggs. Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection Today: A Personal Review. (PDF, 5 MB) Human Reproduction, 1998.