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Erectile dysfunction or premature ejaculation: Medication, behavioral approaches, or both may help improve fertility. Chemotherapy: Some types may significantly reduce sperm count. Microsurgery and Andrology. (PDF, 5 MB) Chapter from textbook, 1991.

The elevated temperature hinders the maturation process of sperm, which develop best in an environment that is slightly cooler than body temperature. Risk factors for the formation of antisperm antibodies in men include the breakdown of the blood‑testis barrier, trauma and surgery, orchitis, varicocele, infections, prostatitis, testicular cancer, failure of immunosuppression and unprotected receptive anal or oral sex with men.[23][24] Sexually transmitted infections[edit] Infections with the following sexually transmitted pathogens have a negative effect on fertility: Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. About 92 out of 100 couples who are trying to get pregnant do so within two years.[citation needed] Women become less fertile as they get older. The severity usually depends on how near to the testicles the radiation was aimed. Damaged Sperm Ducts: Seven percent of infertile men cannot transport sperm from their testicles to out of their penis.  This pathway may be blocked by a number of conditions: · A genetic or developmental mistake may block or cause the absence of one or both tubes (which   transport the sperm from the testes to the penis). · Scarring from tuberculosis or some STDs may block the epididymis or tubes. · An elective or accidental vasectomy may interrupt tube continuity. A luteal phase defect results in low production of the hormone progesterone, which is necessary for maintaining a pregnancy.

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The transit time varies with age and sexual activity but is usually from 1-12 days. For a man to be fertile, the testicles must produce enough healthy sperm to be ejaculated effectively into the woman's vagina. These injections are taken nightly, typically for 5 – 10 days, and act directly on the cells of the ovary to stimulate egg development. The emotional toll on both partners can affect their relationship. For this reason, it is less likely to adversely affect the endometrium and cervical mucus.

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Idiopathic Hypercalciuria. (PDF, 1 MB) New England Journal of Medicine, 1971. More than 60% of sperm should be normal, and less than 2-3% should be immature. Men with this type of male infertility have normal sperm in the testicles. It stimulates the ovaries to mature egg follicles. There are also a number of sperm production problems that can contribute to infertility, including: Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles)  Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles) are swollen veins causing your testicles to get hotter and affect the production of sperm  These are treated with surgery  Testicular injury   Serious trauma to the testicles such as becoming twisted (torsion) can affect sperm production  Damage from playing sports or an accident can rupture the vessels that supply blood to the testicles  Previous injuries can’t be treated, but an ART treatment may help you to conceive Undescended testicles  In the uterus, baby boys’ testicles form in their abdomen and descend into their scrotum shortly before birth  Some men’s testicles don’t descend before they are born (cryptorchidism), although in these cases they usually drop in the first six months after birth  If left untreated, undescended testicles can affect fertility Testicular cancer  This happens when a malignant tumour in the testicle destroys testicular tissue  If undetected, testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body  This is treated either by surgery, medication, radiotherapy or chemotherapy  However, cancer therapy can also damage sperm production  Genetic defects  Sometimes, genetic information on the Y chromosome (which is only present in men) is deleted (micro-deletions),6 which can reduce the production of sperm  Depending on where the micro-deletion is on the chromosome, this may be treated by surgically extracting sperm from part of your reproductive tract  However, some couples may need to consider using a donor sperm to conceive Mumps Contracting mumps (or mumps-related orchitis) after puberty may damage the sperm-producing cells in your testicles,  causing infertility or subfertility7 Usually, only one testicle is affected and if you have one functioning testicle you may not need treatment  However, some couples may need to use a sperm donor in order to conceive Anti-sperm antibodies  Anti-sperm antibodies are large proteins in your blood that are hostile to sperm  They can cause sperm to clump together and prevent them from swimming, or they may mistake sperm cells for an infection and try to destroy them  This can be treated using an ART treatment   Lifestyle   Sperm production can be affected by a range of lifestyle factors, including smoking, drinking, drugs, stress, overweight and unhealthy food Environmental factors can also affect your sperm quality, including overheating of your testicles, some sexual lubricants, the chemicals involved in certain manufacturing, painting or printing jobs   These factors are treated by making lifestyle changes, such as wearing loose clothing to avoid overheating Hormonal problems  Hormonal problems are rarely the cause of male infertility problems  However, some men have a natural deficiency in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH), which prevents the testicles from producing testosterone or developing healthy sperm  Hormonal problems can usually be treated with medication Obstruction problems Blocked sperm ducts  Occasionally, male sperm ducts (epididymis and vas deferens) can become blocked, meaning that your semen doesn’t contain any sperm  This can be treated with surgery, or sperm may be surgically extracted from part of your reproductive tract  Vasectomy  Some men have had a previous vasectomy to stop them being able to conceive  This can sometimes be reversed using surgery  The procedure’s success depends on how long ago your vasectomy was performed  Previous infections  Infections can cause scarring or adhesions (organs sticking together) in your sperm ducts  This can usually be treated with surgery  Does age affect male fertility? If endometriosis is found, it can be surgically removed by various methods, and its removal may lead to a decrease in pain as well as improvement in the ability to conceive naturally.

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Normal Intrauterine Pregnancy After Reversal of Tubal Sterilization in the Wife and Vasectomy in the Husband.(PDF, 1 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1978. Unexplained infertility in women or men may be managed with another year of unprotected intercourse, or may proceed to assisted reproductive technologies, such as intrauterine insemination or in vitro fertilization. It has been proven useful in overcoming infertility conditions, such as blocked or damaged tubes, endometriosis, repeated IUI failure, unexplained infertility, poor ovarian reserve, poor or even nil sperm count. If a woman can get pregnant but keeps having miscarriages or stillbirths, that's also called infertility. In patients with low gonadotropins and low estrogen, the treatment of choice is hMG, and the protocol is similar to that for patients with primary amenorrhea. Editorial: The Cure and Proliferation of Male Infertility. (PDF, 2 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1998. A decreased testosterone level with an increased FSH level points to primary hypogonadism. This mucus mainly affects the lungs, but males may also have a missing or obstructed vas deferens.