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World Health Organization[edit] The World Health Organization defines infertility as follows:[10] United States[edit] One definition of infertility that is frequently used in the United States by reproductive endocrinologists, doctors who specialize in infertility, to consider a couple eligible for treatment is: a woman under 35 has not conceived after 12 months of contraceptive-free intercourse. GIFT (gamete intrafallopian tube transfer) and ZIFT (zygote intrafallopian transfer).  Like IVF, these procedures involve retrieving an egg, combining it with sperm in a lab, and then transferring it back to your body.

Assisted Reproductive Technology: Using Ejaculated, Fresh, and Frozen-thawed Epididymal and Testicular Spermatozoa Gives Rise to Comparable Results after Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection. (PDF, 5 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1995. Approximately 4 million (9%) men aged 25–44 years reported that they or their partner had consulted a doctor for advice, testing, or treatment for infertility during their lifetime (4). If a blockage is present, surgery may be necessary. Alcohol: Any amount of alcohol consumption can affect the chances of conceiving. A history of pelvic infections or sexually transmitted diseases: Sexually transmitted infections, such as chlamydia or gonorrhea, can cause inflammation and permanent scarring of the fallopian tubes.

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Endometriosis  Endometriosis is a condition where the inner lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium, attaches and grows in other areas. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): The ovaries function abnormally and ovulation may not occur. 5 percent of infertile men and may be controlled by medications like decongestants which contract the bladder sphincter or surgical reconstruction of the bladder neck can restore normal ejaculation.

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Some women are infertile because their ovaries do not mature and release eggs. The ovum has a much shorter life expectancy – less than 1 day if it is not fertilized. Furthermore, an immunological cause in the cervical mucus is possible. Most of the time, basic semen analysis is all that's needed to diagnose male infertility.

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Low weight: Obesity is not the only way in which weight can impact fertility. Whether it should be corrected in cases of primary infertility is controversial. When the eggs are mature, your doctor collects them with a device called a vaginal ultrasound probe. Traumatic Renal Hemorrhage Treatment by Arterial Embolization. (PDF, 3 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1973. In some cases, the cause of infertility or subfertility could not be suspected from the history taking and clinical examination. Serum LH determination is more precise, especially when performed in combination with pelvic ultrasonography. Sperm Granuloma and Reversibility of Vasectomy. (PDF, 11 MB) Lancet, 1977. However, in our modern era, women are delaying child birth until their thirties and forties, which has lead to the discovery of the adverse effect of advanced maternal age on egg function. Between 45 and 50 percent of cases are thought to stem from factors that affect the man. Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism A failure of GnRH secretion without any discernible underlying cause may be observed alone (isolated) or as part of Kallmann syndrome, which is associated with midline defects such as anosmia, cleft lip and cleft palate, deafness, cryptorchidism, and color blindness. Risk factors for the formation of antisperm antibodies in men include the breakdown of the blood‑testis barrier, trauma and surgery, orchitis, varicocele, infections, prostatitis, testicular cancer, failure of immunosuppression and unprotected receptive anal or oral sex with men.[23][24] Sexually transmitted infections[edit] Infections with the following sexually transmitted pathogens have a negative effect on fertility: Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It also gives them more options in dealing with unexpected adverse events (e.g., uncontrolled bleeding) that may otherwise require creating a much larger incision and converting to a fully open surgical procedure.[5] Conceptually, the laparoscopic approach is intended to minimise post-operative pain and speed up recovery times, while maintaining an enhanced visual field for surgeons. Intra-uterine insemination for unexplained subfertility. These abnormalities can also cause irregular bleeding between menstrual cycles.