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Primary vs. secondary infertility[edit] Primary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least 12 months, during which they have not used any contraceptives.[14] The World Health Organisation also adds that 'women whose pregnancy spontaneously miscarries, or whose pregnancy results in a still born child, without ever having had a live birth would present with primarily infertility'.[15] Secondary infertility is defined as the absence of a live birth for women who desire a child and have been in a union for at least 12 months since their last live birth, during which they did not use any contraceptives.[15] Thus the distinguishing feature is whether or not the couple have ever had a pregnancy which led to a live birth. Minimal Ovarian Stimulation (mini-IVF) for IVF Utilizing Vitrification and Cryopreserved Embryo Transfer. (PDF, 406 KB) Reproductive BioMedicine Online, 2010. His first atlas, More Details on Pelviscopy and Hysteroscopy was published in 1976, a slide atlas on pelviscopy, hysteroscopy, and fetoscopy in 1979, and his books on gynecological endoscopic surgery in German, English, and many other languages in 1984, 1987, and 2002. Histology reveals seminiferous tubules lined by Sertoli cells and a normal interstitium, although no germ cells are present. Preliminary Tests of a New Reversible Male Contraceptive in Bush Dog, Speothos Venaticus: Open-ended Vasectomy and Microscopic Reversal. (PDF, 106 KB) Journal of Zoo and Wildlife, 2006. Radiation therapy While Leydig cells are relatively radioresistant because of their low rate of cell division, the Sertoli and germ cells are extremely radiosensitive.

Embryo Development after ICSI Using Testicular, Epididymal and Ejaculated Spermatozoa. (PDF, 2 MB) Frontiers in Endocrinology, 1995. Infertility in men Semen and sperm The most common cause of infertility in men is poor-quality semen, the fluid containing sperm that's ejaculated during sex.

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Guidelines for Infertility

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Effectiveness of the postcoital test: randomised controlled trial. The presence of antibodies in serum or seminal plasma is less prognostic than antibodies bound to sperm. Treatment of the cause: 24. Ovulation disorders: (Group I) - Weight gain if BMI less than 19. - pulsatile administration of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone or gonadotrophins with luteinising hormone activity to induce ovulation. In men who have the necessary reproductive organs to procreate, infertility can be caused by low sperm count due to endocrine problems, drugs, radiation, or infection. This can help a man who cannot ejaculate normally, for example, because of a spinal cord injury.

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I cannot stress enough how amazing this staff is, they make you feel like family! 43 Other low-cost methods of monitoring for ovulation, although less effective, include basal body temperature measurements and cervical mucus changes. Between 45 and 50 percent of cases are thought to stem from factors that affect the man. The hypothalamus also produces thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), both of which stimulate prolactin release from the anterior pituitary, and dopamine, which inhibits prolactin release. In many instances, sterility may be unexplained, but fertility treatments will be able to help.

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Many more couples, however, experience involuntary childlessness for at least one year: estimates range from 12% to 28%.[4] Male infertility is responsible for 20–30% of infertility cases, while 20–35% are due to female infertility, and 25–40% are due to combined problems in both parts.[2][5] In 10–20% of cases, no cause is found.[5] The most common cause of female infertility is ovulatory problems, which generally manifest themselves by sparse or absent menstrual periods.[6] Male infertility is most commonly due to deficiencies in the semen, and semen quality is used as a surrogate measure of male fecundity.[7] Women who are fertile experience a natural period of fertility before and during ovulation, and they are naturally infertile for the rest of the menstrual cycle. No difference in the pregnancy rate occurs if a skillful microsurgeon or laparoscopist performs the salpingostomy. Couples may decide to go ahead regardless if the desire to become pregnant is very strong. This allows for the diagnosis and treatment of conditions such as endometriosis with one procedure. 2 This encompasses couples with infertility and impaired ability to get pregnant, but it does not capture those who are not married, so actual numbers may be underestimated. Microsurgery for the Undescended Testicle. (PDF, 5 MB) Urologic Clinics of North America, 1982.


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See also
Uconn Infertility Center
Infertility Specialist Vermont
Padmaja Infertility Center Vijayawada