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A woman who keeps having miscarriages is also considered infertile. Careful monitoring during treatment and pregnancy can help reduce the risk of complications. Reversal of Vasectomy and the Treatment of Male Infertility. (PDF, 4 MB) Journal of Andrology, 1980.

Sertoli cells are columnar, with irregular basal nuclei that have prominent nucleoli and fine chromatin. Fertility awareness methods are used to discern when these changes occur by tracking changes in cervical mucus or basal body temperature. Advances in assisted reproductive technologies, such as IVF, can offer hope to many couples where treatment is available, although barriers exist in terms of medical coverage and affordability. Large submucosal uterine fibroids may make the uterus' cavity bigger, increasing the distance the sperm has to travel.

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Health problems such as mumps or hormone problems. 2/7/15 our son was born all thanks to the assistance of Dr. In some cases, the cause of infertility or subfertility could not be suspected from the history taking and clinical examination. A small incision is made in the abdomen, and a thin, flexible microscope with a light at the end, called a laparoscope, is inserted through it. Evaluation may be initiated sooner in patients who have risk factors for infertility or if the female partner is older than 35 years.

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Normal fertility is observed in three fourths of patients with unilateral mumps orchitis and in one third of patients in bilateral orchitis. The opening improves the ability of the embryo to implant into the uterine lining. This mucus mainly affects the lungs, but males may also have a missing or obstructed vas deferens. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Chlamydia can damage the fallopian tubes in a woman and cause inflammation in a man's scrotum. Twelve months is the lower reference limit for Time to Pregnancy (TTP) by the World Health Organization.[7] a woman over 35 has not conceived after six months of contraceptive-free sexual intercourse.

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IVF and related techniques (ICSI, ZIFT, GIFT) are called assisted reproductive technology (ART) techniques. Quantitative Analysis of Testicle Biopsy: Determination of Partial Obstruction and Prediction of Sperm Count after Surgery for Obstruction. (PDF, 4 MB) Fertility and Sterility, 1981. Certain medical conditions such as diabetes, thyroid disease and anemia may also affect fertility. Endometriosis may be treated through laparoscopic surgery. About 92 out of 100 couples who are trying to get pregnant do so within two years.[citation needed] Women become less fertile as they get older. There are also a number of sperm production problems that can contribute to infertility, including: Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles)  Scrotal varicose veins (varicoceles) are swollen veins causing your testicles to get hotter and affect the production of sperm  These are treated with surgery  Testicular injury   Serious trauma to the testicles such as becoming twisted (torsion) can affect sperm production  Damage from playing sports or an accident can rupture the vessels that supply blood to the testicles  Previous injuries can’t be treated, but an ART treatment may help you to conceive Undescended testicles  In the uterus, baby boys’ testicles form in their abdomen and descend into their scrotum shortly before birth  Some men’s testicles don’t descend before they are born (cryptorchidism), although in these cases they usually drop in the first six months after birth  If left untreated, undescended testicles can affect fertility Testicular cancer  This happens when a malignant tumour in the testicle destroys testicular tissue  If undetected, testicular cancer can spread to other parts of the body  This is treated either by surgery, medication, radiotherapy or chemotherapy  However, cancer therapy can also damage sperm production  Genetic defects  Sometimes, genetic information on the Y chromosome (which is only present in men) is deleted (micro-deletions),6 which can reduce the production of sperm  Depending on where the micro-deletion is on the chromosome, this may be treated by surgically extracting sperm from part of your reproductive tract  However, some couples may need to consider using a donor sperm to conceive Mumps Contracting mumps (or mumps-related orchitis) after puberty may damage the sperm-producing cells in your testicles,  causing infertility or subfertility7 Usually, only one testicle is affected and if you have one functioning testicle you may not need treatment  However, some couples may need to use a sperm donor in order to conceive Anti-sperm antibodies  Anti-sperm antibodies are large proteins in your blood that are hostile to sperm  They can cause sperm to clump together and prevent them from swimming, or they may mistake sperm cells for an infection and try to destroy them  This can be treated using an ART treatment   Lifestyle   Sperm production can be affected by a range of lifestyle factors, including smoking, drinking, drugs, stress, overweight and unhealthy food Environmental factors can also affect your sperm quality, including overheating of your testicles, some sexual lubricants, the chemicals involved in certain manufacturing, painting or printing jobs   These factors are treated by making lifestyle changes, such as wearing loose clothing to avoid overheating Hormonal problems  Hormonal problems are rarely the cause of male infertility problems  However, some men have a natural deficiency in follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinising hormone (LH), which prevents the testicles from producing testosterone or developing healthy sperm  Hormonal problems can usually be treated with medication Obstruction problems Blocked sperm ducts  Occasionally, male sperm ducts (epididymis and vas deferens) can become blocked, meaning that your semen doesn’t contain any sperm  This can be treated with surgery, or sperm may be surgically extracted from part of your reproductive tract  Vasectomy  Some men have had a previous vasectomy to stop them being able to conceive  This can sometimes be reversed using surgery  The procedure’s success depends on how long ago your vasectomy was performed  Previous infections  Infections can cause scarring or adhesions (organs sticking together) in your sperm ducts  This can usually be treated with surgery  Does age affect male fertility? Unexplained causes of infertility and sterility Unfortunately, a basic fertility analysis cannot provide an answer for all causes of infertility and some remain unexplained. PPT Presentation Summary : Evaluation of Fertility: A Cornerstone to Improved Reproductive Health for Women Overview. These and many other questions will help your physician design a specific evaluation and potential treatment for you.