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Steroids used to build muscles can shrink the testes and may lead to decreased sperm production. For example, 10 to 15 percent of untreated chlamydia cases will lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID).

Common causes of infertility of females include: ovulation problems (e.g. polycystic ovarian syndrome, PCOS, the leading reason why women present to fertility clinics due to anovulatory infertility.[58]) tubal blockage pelvic inflammatory disease caused by infections like tuberculosis age-related factors uterine problems previous tubal ligation endometriosis advanced maternal age immune infertility Males[edit] The main cause of male infertility is low semen quality. Risk factors for the formation of antisperm antibodies in men include the breakdown of the blood‑testis barrier, trauma and surgery, orchitis, varicocele, infections, prostatitis, testicular cancer, failure of immunosuppression and unprotected receptive anal or oral sex with men.[23][24] Sexually transmitted infections[edit] Infections with the following sexually transmitted pathogens have a negative effect on fertility: Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae. For instance, women with hyper or hypo-thyroidism sometimes have ovulation problems. In vitro fertilization[edit] IVF is the most commonly used ART. There's a link between increased temperature of the scrotum and reduced semen quality, but it's uncertain whether wearing loose-fitting underwear improves fertility.  Testicles The testicles produce and store sperm. The predictive value of hysterosalpingography for tubal and peritoneal infertility factors.

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These questions will be regarding your medical, surgical, gynecological, and obstetric history, as well as some lifestyle questions. Unexplained infertility[edit] In the US, up to 20% of infertile couples have unexplained infertility.[61] In these cases abnormalities are likely to be present but not detected by current methods. If a woman needs an HCG injection to activate ovulation and ultrasound scans show that too many follicles have developed, it is possible to withhold the HCG injection. Checking testosterone levels is advisable because an elevation above the reference range has a negative feedback effect on sperm production. Acquired causes include tumor, infarction, radiation, infection, or granulomatous disease.

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Isodicentric Y Chromosomes and Sex Disorders as Byproducts of Homologous Recombination that Maintains Palindromes. (PDF, 1 MB) Cell, 2009. Unfortunately, clinical examinations, ultrasounds and analyses rarely indicate the reason for the problem and, as such, medical or surgical treatment is infrequent. Information on National Infertility Awareness Week is available at .Male Infertility DOWNLOAD PDF QUICK FACTS What is it? Patients with azoospermia should have a postejaculatory urine sample analyzed for sperm, should be evaluated for ejaculatory duct obstruction, and should undergo a hormonal evaluation.

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Other causes of infertility affecting both partners include immunological incompatibility between sperm and the cervical mucus, which may in some instances cause sperm agglutination. A woman of reproductive age who has not conceived after 1 year of unprotected vaginal sexual intercourse, in the absence of any known cause of infertility. Linthicum, Md.: American Urological Association, Inc.; 2010. Epidemiology of infertility For healthy young couples, the probability of getting pregnancy per a reproductive cycle is about 20% to 25%. The Fate of Non-absorbable Intraureteral Suture. (PDF, 233 KB) The Journal of Urology, 1973. Congenital Absence of the Vas Deferens: The Fertilizing Capacity of Human Epididymal Sperm. (PDF, 3 MB) New England Journal of Medicine, 1990. Laparoscopy for Cryptorchidism. (PDF, 1 MB) The Journal of Urology, 1980. In many instances, sterility may be unexplained, but fertility treatments will be able to help. In other cases, the cause is suspected to be immunological or genetic; it may be that each partner is independently fertile but the couple cannot conceive together without assistance. IVF and related techniques (ICSI, ZIFT, GIFT) are called assisted reproductive technology (ART) techniques. The following problems are possible: Low sperm count: The man ejaculates a low number of sperm. However, some have suggested that patients should avoid conception for 6 months to 2 years after completion of radiation therapy because of the possibility of chromosomal aberrations in their sperm caused by the mutagenic properties of radiation therapy. If he has two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome, as in Klinefelter's syndrome, the testicles will develop abnormally and there will be low testosterone and a low sperm count or no sperm. However, hormones are not the main problem in 97% of infertile men.