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It was usual practice to talk about infertility in those cases where three or more pregnancy losses had occurred. Less than 50% motility may significantly affect the ability for sperm to fertilize the egg without therapy; and (4) morphology, or shape – there are three parts of the sperm that are analyzed for morphology: the head, midpeice, and tail.

Symptoms include: bloating constipation dark urine diarrhea nausea abdominal pain vomiting They are usually mild and easy to treat. Laparoscopy is an operation performed in the abdomen or pelvis through small incisions, generally no more than a centimeter, with the assistance of a laparoscope attached to a camera which projects to a screen. Estrogen excess may be seen in patients with Sertoli cell tumors, Leydig tumors, liver failure, or severe obesity. Irregular ovulation can be due to many issues, including polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), obesity, being underweight, and thyroid issues. Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection and Infertility. (PDF, 53 KB) Nature Genetics, 2001.

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Usually, one incision is placed near the navel and a second near the pubic hairline. Testis Biopsy and the Infertile Male. (PDF, 20 MB) Chapter 15 from textbook Office Andrology, 2005. However, a survey has suggested that the 3 days most likely to offer a fertile window are the 2 days before ovulation plus the 1 day of ovulation. The sperm is washed in a fluid and the best specimens are selected. Quantitative Evaluation of Spermatogenesis by Testicular Histology in Men with Congenital Absence of the Vas Deferens Undergoing Epididymal Sperm Aspiration. (PDF, 3 MB) Human Reproduction, 1990. Incidence and main causes of infertility in a resident population (1,850,000) of three French regions (1988–1989).

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Medical management: - Men with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism should be offered gonadotrophin drugs. - Men with idiopathic semen abnormalities should not be offered anti-oestrogens, gonadotrophins, androgens, bromocriptine or kinin-enhancing drugs. Health problems such as mumps or hormone problems. Couples will have to consider the ethical and emotional aspects of this procedure. Laurence-Moon-Biedl syndrome Patients with this syndrome have retinitis pigmentosa and polydactyly. The fluid comes from the prostate gland, the seminal vesicle, and other sex glands.

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Some respond by actively avoiding the issue altogether; middle-class men are the most likely to respond in this way.[21] In the United States some treatments for infertility, including diagnostic tests, surgery and therapy for depression, can qualify one for Family and Medical Leave Act leave. Frequency of intercourse Probability of conception (within 6 months) 1 time per week 17 % 3 times per week 50 % 6. Broekmans FJ, Kwee J, Hendriks DJ, Mol BW, Lambalk CB. Disorders of sexual differentiation result in infertility (eg, hermaphroditism, pseudohermaphroditism). Patients who do not achieve ovulation after three to six cycles should be referred to an infertility specialist for further treatment. 6 The initial history should cover menstrual history, timing and frequency of intercourse, previous use of contraception, previous pregnancies and outcomes, pelvic infections, medication use, occupational exposures, substance abuse, alcohol intake, tobacco use, and previous surgery on reproductive organs. Treatment of Renal Trauma by Angiographic Injection of Autologous Clot. (PDF, 422 KB) British Journal of Urology, 1974. Physical Problems A variety of physical problems can cause male infertility.  These problems either interfere with the sperm production process or disrupt the pathway down which sperm travel from the testes to the tip of the penis.  These problems are usually characterized by a low sperm count and/or abnormal sperm morphology.  The following is a list of the most common physical problems that cause male infertility: Variocoele: A varicocele is an enlargement of the internal spermatic veins that drain blood from the testicle to the abdomen (back to the heart) and are present in 15% of the general male population and 40% of infertile men.  These images show what a variocoele looks like externally and internally.  A varicocele develops when the one way valves in these spermatic veins are damaged causing an abnormal back flow of blood from the abdomen into the scrotum creating a hostile environment for sperm development.  Varicocoeles may cause reduced sperm count and abnormal sperm morphology which cause infertility.  Variococles can usually be diagnosed by a physical examination of the scrotum which can be aided by the Doppler stethoscope and scrotal ultrasound.  Varicocoele can be treated in many ways (see treatment section), but the most successful treatments involve corrective surgery. Therefore, we recommend an evaluation if menstrual cycles are infrequent or irregular in a couple attempting pregnancy. Transmission of Male Infertility to Future Generations: Lessons from the Y Chromosome. (PDF, 303 KB) Human Reproduction Update, 2002.