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ICSI with Epididymal and Testicular Sperm Retrieval. (PDF, 1 MB) Male Sterility and Motility Disorders: Etiological Factors and Treatment, 1998. Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Chlamydia can damage the fallopian tubes in a woman and cause inflammation in a man's scrotum. Small, firm testicles The testes house a man’s sperm, so testicle health is paramount to male fertility. The Male-specific Region of the Human Y Chromsome is a Mosaic of Discrete Sequence Classes. (PDF, 754 KB) Nature, 2003.

With the fast progression in reproductive medicine and the experiences gained through infertility management, a wider range of treatment options have become available to infertile couples [17-19,21-26,31,36], (Appendix 4). Duration of Fertility after Fresh and Frozen Ovary Transplantation. (PDF, 606 KB) Fertility and Sterility, 2010. 4) In Vitro Fertilization (IVF): In vitro means “outside the body.” IVF is a process whereby eggs are collected and then fertilized by sperm outside the body, in an embryology laboratory. Obese women have a higher rate of recurrent, early miscarriage compared to non-obese women. Vasoepididymostomy to the Head of the Epididymis: Recovery of Normal Spermatozoal Motility. (PDF, 3 MB)Fertility and Sterility, 1980.

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Some causes are more common in some countries than others, such as pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID) and sexually transmitted infections (STI) in Africa [10]. Religious leaders' opinions on fertility treatments; for example, the Roman Catholic Church views infertility as a calling to adopt or to use natural treatments (medication, surgery, or cycle charting) and members must reject assisted reproductive technologies. Causes of Sterility in Men Image: “Colorized sperm sample under the light microscope” by Bobjgalindo. As the amount of adipose tissue increases, there is more aromatase available to convert androgens, and serum estradiol levels increase. As treatment begins, couples may experience cycles of optimism and despair with each passing menstrual cycle. This applies to the ability to conceive with her eggs, but not with donor eggs.

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Vasectomy and its Microsurgical Reversal. (PDF, 17 MB) Urologic Clinics of North America, 1978. Chromosomal Abnormalities in Embryos Derived from Testicular Sperm Extraction. (PDF, 324 KB) Fertility and Sterility, 2003. Afterward, the embryos are incubated again and then transferred to the cavum uteri of the woman. Those motile and viable sperm are then placed in a very small amount of solution, and then very gently and painlessly injected into the uterine cavity using a very thin, soft, and flexible catheter. 8,37 Women in WHO group II, including those who are overweight and who have polycystic ovary syndrome, can benefit from weight loss, exercise, and lifestyle modifications to restore ovulatory cycles and achieve pregnancy. Chemotherapy: Some chemotherapy drugs can result in ovarian failure.

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It has been suggested that infertility be classified as a form of disability.[22] Causes[edit] Immune infertility[edit] Antisperm antibodies (ASA) have been considered as infertility cause in around 10–30% of infertile couples.[23] In both men and women, ASA production are directed against surface antigens on sperm, which can interfere with sperm motility and transport through the female reproductive tract, inhibiting capacitation and acrosome reaction, impaired fertilization, influence on the implantation process, and impaired growth and development of the embryo. In some women, and especially with age, the membrane becomes harder. Several days later, embryos -- or fertilized eggs -- get put back into your uterus with a device called an intrauterine insemination catheter. Ovulation disorders can be due to: Premature ovarian failure: The ovaries stop working before the age of 40 years. Vause TD, Cheung AP, Sierra S, et al.; Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists of Canada. In this procedure, 5–10 mm diameter instruments (graspers, scissors, clip applier) can be introduced by the surgeon into the abdomen through trocars (hollow tubes with a seal to keep the CO 2 from leaking). Patients may be candidates for assisted reproduction techniques after appropriate genetic screening in the partner.[29] Acquired blockage of the ductal system Genital ducts may become obstructed secondary to infections, such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, tuberculosis, and smallpox. Sperm Granuloma and Reversibility of Vasectomy. (PDF, 11 MB) Lancet, 1977. The search included meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, and systematic reviews. Afterward, laparoscopy gained rapidly acceptance for non-gynecologic applications. Each country has its own body or bodies responsible for the inspection and licensing of fertility treatment under the EU Tissues and Cells directive [78] Regulatory bodies are also found in Canada [79] and in the state of Victoria in Australia [80] See also[edit] [edit] Inhorn MC (2003). "Global infertility and the globalization of new reproductive technologies: illustrations from Egypt". Microsurgery and Andrology. (PDF, 5 MB) Chapter from textbook, 1991.