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Male infertility tests: Going under the microscope Identifying the cause of a man's infertility is as much an art as a science. “The first step is an evaluation by a physician specializing in male infertility,” says Stephen Shaban, MD, a urologist specializing in male reproductive medicine and microsurgery in Raleigh, North Carolina. Recombination Between Palindromes P5 and P1 on the HUman Y Chromosome Causes Massive Deletions and Spermatogenic Failure. (PDF, 786 KB) The American Journal of Human Genetics, 2002.

These include: Infrequent menstrual periods: When a woman has regular menstrual periods, defined as regular cycles occurring every 21 to 35 days, this almost always indicates that she ovulates regularly. The incidence of congenital malformation in IVF babies ranges between 2% and 3% worldwide and is similar to that in babies conceived naturally [45].

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ART: Gamete Intrafallopian Transfer (GIFT) GIFT is a procedure that involves ovarian stimulation, egg retrieval, and placing a mixture of sperm and eggs directly into the woman’s fallopian tube to foster fertilization inside the female body. In addition, loss of peripheral visual fields bilaterally may be due to compression of the optic chiasm by the growing pituitary tumor. In-vitro fertilization and donor insemination are major procedures involved. Both infertility and subfertility are defined as the inability to conceive after a certain period of time (the length of which vary), so often the two terms overlap.

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Illegal drugs: Some women who use marijuana or cocaine may have fertility problems. Lifestyle and environmental factors such as smoking, alcohol and drugs, poor eating habits, exposure to increases in testicular temperature (for example, in professions where the worker spends many hours sitting down) and exposure to toxins are factors that compromise semen quality. Sometimes, female infertility is related to a hormone problem. There are three main types of sperm antibodies: Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Immunoglobulin A (IgA) Immunoglobulin M(IgM). Vasoepididymostomy to the Head of the Epididymis: Recovery of Normal Spermatozoal Motility. (PDF, 3 MB)Fertility and Sterility, 1980. Histologically, Leydig cells are polygonal with eosinophilic cytoplasm.

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This difference is not merely conceptual since the studies carried out in order to understand the causes and the treatment given in both cases are totally different. Ideally, the cause of the infertility is reversible and then conception can result from natural sex. They are then processed and introduced to eggs by different methods. Testicular Neoplasm in Father and Son. (PDF, 561 KB) The Journal of Urology, 1972. Afterwards, fertilized eggs are placed directly into a fallopian tube (as with GIFT) and not into the uterine cavity. Experts differ as to when genetic tests should be done. Other hormones including inhibin B and leptin, may also be affected by obesity. Endometriosis may be treated through laparoscopic surgery. Inhibin B levels have been reported to decrease with increasing weight, which results in decreased Sertoli cells and sperm production. Some causes are more common in some countries than others, such as pelvic inflammatory diseases (PID) and sexually transmitted infections (STI) in Africa [10]. The easiest and most successful treatment is intrauterine insemination (IUI). [104] Similar treatments apply when oligospermia, hypospermia, and ejaculatory disorders such as impotence, hypospadias, or retrograde ejaculation are present. [105, 106, 107] Patients with azoospermia that is not amenable to in vitro fertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment benefit from artificial insemination (AI) with donor sperm. [108] Artificial insemination can be performed by depositing the sperm at the cervical level (cervical insemination) [106] or inside the endometrial cavity (intrauterine insemination).